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La quête de la compétitivité ouvre la voie de la déflation

Author

Listed:
  • Céline Antonin

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Christophe Blot

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Sabine Le Bayon

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Catherine Mathieu

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

La crise de la zone euro a mis au grand jour la question des déséquilibres courants qui s’étaient amplifiés jusqu’en 2007. Un débat s’est engagé depuis pour déterminer l’origine de ces déséquilibres, certains y voyant le résultat d’une divergence accrue en matière de compétitivité. Depuis, la réforme de la gouvernance européenne tient explicitement compte de la situation macroéconomique de chaque État membre au-delà des seuls critères de finances publiques. La Commission a établi à cette fin un tableau de bord permettant d’exercer une surveillance macroéconomique élargie en intégrant notamment les évolutions de la compétitivité et des parts de marché à l’exportation. De fait, depuis 2007, les déséquilibres se sont résorbés, principalement en raison d’une réduction des déficits courants de l’Italie, l’Espagne, l’Irlande, le Portugal et la Grèce. Dans le même temps, le contexte macroéconomique marqué par la consolidation budgétaire et les mesures prises par ces différents pays, en vue notamment de rendre le marché du travail plus flexible, ont pu avoir un effet sur la compétitivité. Les effets sur la compétitivité pourraient être de deux ordres. D’une part, le maintien d’un niveau de chômage élevé crée des pressions déflationnistes. D’autre part, la baisse ou le gel des rémunérations, la réduction de la protection de l’emploi ou la décentralisation des négociations salariales pourraient également réduire les coûts salariaux unitaires. Les effets de ces réformes restent cependant débattus. Surtout ces réformes renforcent, à court terme, les pressions déflationnistes qui représentent dès lors le principal vecteur d’amélioration de la compétitivité. Certains pays ont d’ores et déjà regagné des parts de marché depuis le déclenchement de la crise, ce que corroborent les estimations d’équations de commerce. Il reste que la réduction des déficits courants résulte en grande partie de la baisse des importations liée à l’effondrement de la demande. Enfin, à terme, cette stratégie de recherche de compétitivité pourrait constituer une menace pour la croissance dans la zone euro en favorisant la généralisation du risque déflationniste.

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  • Céline Antonin & Christophe Blot & Sabine Le Bayon & Catherine Mathieu, 2013. "La quête de la compétitivité ouvre la voie de la déflation," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/7o52iohb7k6, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09n2p94ecij
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    Keywords

    Compétitivité; Déflation;

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