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The Menopause ÒPenaltyÓ

Author

Listed:
  • Gabriella Conti

    (University College London, CEPR, CESIFO, HCEO,and IZA.)

  • Rita Ginja

    (University of Bergen)

  • Petra Person

    (Stanford University, NBER, and Research Institute of Industrial Economics)

  • Barton Willage

    (University of Delaware, Department of Economics and NBER)

Abstract

The motherhood penalty is well-documented, but what happens at the other end of the reproductive spectrum? MenopauseÑa transition often marked by debilitating physical and psychological symptomsÑalso entails substantial costs. Using population-wide Norwegian and Swedish data and quasi-experimental methods, we show that a menopause diagnosis leads to lasting drops in earnings and employment, alongside greater reliance on social transfers. Increasing access to menopause-related health care can help offset these losses. Our findings reveal the hidden economic toll of menopause and the potential gains from better support policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Gabriella Conti & Rita Ginja & Petra Person & Barton Willage, 2026. "The Menopause ÒPenaltyÓ," CSEF Working Papers 770, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
    • Handle: RePEc:sef:csefwp:770
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • H72 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
    • I00 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - General - - - General
    • I30 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - General
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

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