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The Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction During the Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Dan Goldhaber
  • Thomas J. Kane
  • Andrew McEachin
  • Emily Morton
  • Tyler Patterson
  • Douglas O. Staiger

Abstract

Using testing data from 2.1 million students in 10,000 schools in 49 states (plus D.C.), we investigate the role of remote and hybrid instruction in widening gaps in achievement by race and school poverty. We find that remote instruction was a primary driver of widening achievement gaps. Math gaps did not widen in areas that remained in-person (although there was some widening in reading gaps in those areas). We estimate that high-poverty districts that went remote in 2020-21 will need to spend nearly all of their federal aid on academic recovery to help students recover from pandemic-related achievement losses.

Suggested Citation

  • Dan Goldhaber & Thomas J. Kane & Andrew McEachin & Emily Morton & Tyler Patterson & Douglas O. Staiger, 2022. "The Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction During the Pandemic," NBER Working Papers 30010, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30010
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    1. David R. Agrawal & Aline Bütikofer, 2022. "Public finance in the era of the COVID-19 crisis," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 29(6), pages 1349-1372, December.
    2. Jakubowski, Maciej & Gajderowicz, Tomasz & Patrinos, Harry Anthony, 2023. "Global learning loss in student achievement: First estimates using comparable reading scores," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    3. Harbatkin, Erica & Strunk, Katharine O. & McIlwain, Aliyah, 2023. "School turnaround in a pandemic: An examination of the outsized implications of COVID-19 on low-performing turnaround schools, districts, and their communities," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    4. Patrinos,Harry Anthony & Jakubowski,Maciej Jan & Gajderowicz,Tomasz Janusz, 2023. "Evaluation of Educational Loss in Europe and Central Asia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10542, The World Bank.
    5. Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Dirk Krueger & André Kurmann & Etienne Lalé & Alexander Ludwig & Irina Popova, 2023. "The Fiscal and Welfare Effects of Policy Responses to the Covid-19 School Closures," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 71(1), pages 35-98, March.
    6. World Bank, 2023. "Indonesia Economic Prospects, June 2023," World Bank Publications - Reports 39921, The World Bank Group.
    7. Winfree, Paul, 2023. "The long-run effects of temporarily closing schools: Evidence from Virginia, 1870s-1910s," QUCEH Working Paper Series 23-02, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's University Centre for Economic History.
    8. Finch, W. Holmes & Hernàndez Finch, Maria E. & Avery, Brooke, 2023. "Teacher support of non-native language students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-national comparison," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    9. Gillitzer, Christian & Prasad, Nalini, 2024. "The effect of school closures on standardized test scores: Evidence under zero-COVID policies," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    10. Alasino, Enrique & Ramírez, María José & Romero, Mauricio & Schady, Norbert & Uribe, David, 2024. "Learning losses during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Mexico," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    11. Erin Biolchino, 2024. "Preparing Social Justice Leaders in the Era of High-Stakes Licensure Assessments: Student and Faculty Perceptions of a Redesigned Principal Preparation Program," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(2), pages 21582440241, April.
    12. Michael Heise, 2023. "The distribution of in‐person public K‐12 education in the time of COVID: An empirical perspective," Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(2), pages 305-338, June.
    13. Bryant G. Hopkins & Katharine O. Strunk & Scott A. Imberman & Adrea J. Truckenmiller & Matthew Guzman & Marisa H. Fisher, 2023. "Trends in Special Education Identification During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Michigan," NBER Working Papers 31261, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    14. Jonas Herby & Lars Jonung & Steve Hanke, 2022. "A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Lockdowns on COVID-19 Mortality," Studies in Applied Economics 200, The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise.
    15. Clare Halloran & Claire E. Hug & Rebecca Jack & Emily Oster, 2023. "Post COVID-19 Test Score Recovery: Initial Evidence from State Testing Data," NBER Working Papers 31113, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    16. Jessie Bruhn & Christopher Campos & Eric Chen, 2023. "Who Benefits from Remote Schooling? Self-Selection and Match Effects," Working Papers 2023-004, Brown University, Department of Economics.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • I22 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Educational Finance; Financial Aid
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development

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