Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

2025

• Wu, Zheng & Ouyang, Alice Y., 2025, "Local government debt financing and fiscal shadow expansion: The case of trust products," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, volume 86, issue PG, DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2025.108895.
• Cuadros-Solas, Pedro J. & Salvador, Carlos & Suárez, Nuria, 2025, "Banking supervisory architecture and sovereign risk," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, volume 76, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2024.101365.
• Faour, Mohamad & Saad, Khaled, 2025, "Institutions and the sovereign-bank nexus in the MENA," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, volume 66, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.gfj.2025.101129.
• de Ferra, Sergio & Mallucci, Enrico, 2025, "Avoiding sovereign default contagion: A normative analysis," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 154, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2024.104040.
• Solís, Pavel, 2025, "Term premia and credit risk in emerging markets: The role of U.S. monetary policy," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 154, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2025.104045.
• Marchesi, Silvia & Marcolongo, Giovanna, 2025, "Knockin’ on H(e)aven’s door. Financial crises and offshore wealth," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 158, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2025.104175.
• Carrington, Sarah J. & Padilla, Leon & Herrera Pozo, Ronny Oswaldo, 2025, "How much debt is too much? Debt-growth dynamics in commodity-dependent and non-commodity-dependent developing economies," International Economics, Elsevier, volume 182, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.inteco.2025.100597.
• de Paul Kambou, Sansan Vincent, 2025, "Debt relief instruments and external debt dynamics following natural disasters in developing countries," International Economics, Elsevier, volume 184, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.inteco.2025.100624.
• Greco, Luciano & Pintus, Francesco Jacopo & Raggi, Davide, 2025, "When fiscal discipline meets macroeconomic stability: The Euro-stability bond," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, volume 103, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102196.
• Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. & Uribe, Jorge M. & Valencia, Oscar M., 2025, "Sovereign debt cost and economic complexity," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, volume 99, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.intfin.2025.102121.
• Coulibaly, Yacouba & Diallo, Askandarou Cheik, 2025, "Can fiscal rules improve banking system stability in developing countries?," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 86, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2025.103724.
• Economides, George & Koliousi, Giota & Miaouli, Natasha & Philippopoulos, Apostolis, 2025, "From debt arithmetic to fiscal sustainability and fiscal rules: Taking stock and policy lessons," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 31, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2024.e00393.
• Fiorelli, Cristiana & Pontarollo, Nicola & Serpieri, Carolina, 2025, "Local financial distress and fiscal regimes: Evidence from Italy," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 31, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2025.e00418.
• Afonso, António & Alves, José & Jalles, João & Monteiro, Sofia, 2025, "Energy price dynamics in the face of uncertainty shocks and the role of exchange rate regimes: A global cross-country analysis," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 32, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2025.e00425.
• Asteriou, Dimitrios & Koufopoulos, Dimitrios & Spanos, Konstantinos, 2025, "Conditional forecast for public debt and threshold effects: Evidence from South EU countries," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 32, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2025.e00430.
• Aimola, Akingbade U. & Monkam, Nara, 2025, "Causal links between public debt and inflation in sub-Saharan African countries," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 32, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2025.e00438.
• Mwakalila, Enock, 2025, "Impact of government domestic borrowing on monetary policy rate pass-through in Tanzania," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, volume 47, issue 1, pages 150-165, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2024.10.003.
• Mateko, Freeman Munisi & Maiwasha, Barbra & Tsara, Emmanuel, 2025, "The intractability of public debt in post-independent Zimbabwe: An international comparison," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, volume 47, issue 2, pages 394-406, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2025.01.009.
• Orlowski, Lucjan T., 2025, "The impact of the Federal Government debt on macroeconomic stability in the United States," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, volume 47, issue 4, pages 771-784, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2025.06.012.
• Khan, Muhammad Arshad & Rahman, Abdul & Tareen, Bashir Ahmed, 2025, "Is Pakistan in a debt trap? Do domestic and foreign debts crowd-out private investment?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, volume 47, issue 5, pages 1076-1096, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2025.06.005.
• Ruiz, Yomara & Aguirre, Nikolay & Ponce, Pablo & Álvarez-García, José, 2025, "Differential impact of natural resource revenues on global public debt: A quantile regression approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, volume 100, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105448.
• Esquivel, Carlos, 2025, "Sovereign risk and Dutch disease," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 149, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103663.
• Zhang, Guanglong & Wang, Chuyu, 2025, "Local government debt and corporate cash holdings: Evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, volume 91, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.pacfin.2025.102722.
• Carnazza, Giovanni & Liberati, Paolo & Sacchi, Agnese, 2025, "Does politics matter? A comparative assessment of discretionary fiscal policies in the euro area," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 90, issue PA, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2023.102435.
• Lepers, Etienne, 2025, "Surfing the credit wave: Government popularity as driver of credit cycles," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 90, issue PA, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2023.102456.
• Owusu, Benjamin & Bökemeier, Bettina & Greiner, Alfred, 2025, "Regime-based debt sustainability analysis: Evidence from euro area economies," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 90, issue PA, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2023.102458.
• Moretto, Michele & Parigi, Bruno M., 2025, "The impact of calendar provisioning on bank strategies," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 101, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2025.104134.
• Mäder, Nicolas, 2025, "Would an earlier inception of OMT by the ECB have prevented the 2012 Greek default?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 103, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2025.104356.
• Liu, Shulin & Wang, Xianbin & Huang, Liangxiong, 2025, "Economic growth target fluctuation and bond issuance by LGFVs," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 98, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2025.103841.
• Endo, Tadashi, 2025, "A paradox of emerging government securities market development," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, volume 73, issue PB, DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102582.
• De Vincentiis, Paola & Abis, Danilo, 2025, "Non-identical twins: Evidence on greenium in the German treasury bond market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, volume 79, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2025.103057.
• Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. & Uribe, Jorge M. & Valencia, Oscar M., 2025, "Asymmetric sovereign risk: Implications for climate change preparation," World Development, Elsevier, volume 188, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106908.
• Mohammad Mahabub Alam, 2025, "Deficit Financing Strategy and Fiscal Sustainability in Bangladesh," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2025-01, Jan.
• Christian R. Proano & Jonas Dix, 2025, "Output Gap Uncertainty, Sovereign Risk Premia and the Contingent Importance of the Bond Vigilantes," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2025-27, May.
• Piyali Das & Chetan Ghate & Subhadeep Halder, 2025, "Fiscal Dominance and the Maturity Structure of Debt," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2025-29, May.
• Mohammad Mahabub Alam, 2025, "The Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks and Uncertainty on Bangladesh's Fiscal Sustainability," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2025-33, Jun.
• Martin Feldkircher & Christos A. Makridis, 2025, "Words Matter: Central Bank Communication and Household Expectations in a Global Panel," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2025-43, Jul.
• Kling, Gerhard & Lo, Yuen C & Murinde, Victor & Volz, Ulrich, 2025, "Climate vulnerability and the cost of debt," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 129272, Sep.
• Cormier, Ben & Naqvi, Natalya, 2025, "Indexes, currencies, and the political economy of sovereign bond market access," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 130491, Dec.
• Jan Priewe, 2025, "The new EU Stability and Growth Pact – new bottle with a lot of old wine," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 22, issue 2, pages 168-180, September.
• Philipp Heimberger & Andreas Lichtenberger, 2025, "A permanent EU investment fund to promote the green transition in light of EU fiscal rules," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 22, issue 2, pages 181-188, September.
• Bentje Böer & Anna Broughel & Mark Kantšukov, 2025, "Challenges in Applying Principal Adverse Impact Indicators to Sovereign Debt Portfolios," Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Green Wealth: Navigating towards a Sustainable Future", DOI: 10.1108/S1569-375920250000117008.
• Adam Abdullah, 2025, "Re-examining money, debt and Islamic banking in the USA," International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 18, issue 3, pages 512-534, January, DOI: 10.1108/IMEFM-08-2024-0403.
• Ahmed Farooq & Shamim Haider, 2025, "Role of Islamic Finance in Reducing Domestic Debt," Journal of Islamic Banking, Economics and Policy, Islamic Finance Review Ltd, volume 1, issue 2, pages 62-76, June, DOI: 10.63740/ekzr4v71.
• Peter Claeys & Bettina Bökemeier & Benjamin Owusu & Juan Equiza Goñi & Michael Stierle & Andreea Stoian, 2025, "European Governments’ Fiscal Behaviour and Public Debt Holders: What Is the Financial Connection?," European Economy - Discussion Papers, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission, number 218, Jan.
• Frédérique Bec & François Courtoy & Philipp Mohl & Frederic Opitz, 2025, "The Stochastic Simulations of the Commission’s Debt Sustainability Analysis: A Refined Approach," European Economy - Discussion Papers, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission, number 226, Sep.
• Roshan Ghadamian, 2025, "Regenerative Capital for State Capability: A New Architecture for Multi-Cycle Development Finance," IRSA Working Papers, Institute for Regenerative Systems Architecture, number rc-wd, Dec, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.5866162.
• Terenzio Maccabelli, 2025, "An Antinomy of Liberalism: Equality of Opportunity and Inherited Wealth in Maffeo Pantaleoni," HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, FrancoAngeli Editore, volume 2025, issue 2, pages 97-133.
• Yan Bai & Patrick J. Kehoe & Pierlauro Lopez & Fabrizio Perri, 2025, "A Neoclassical Model of the World Financial Cycle," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, number 25-06, Feb, DOI: 10.26509/frbc-wp-202506.
• Gabriel Ehrlich & Owen Kay & Aditi Thapar, 2025, "Public Debt Levels and Real Interest Rates: Causal Evidence from Parliamentary Elections," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, number 2539, Nov, DOI: 10.24149/wp2539.
• Michael D. Plante & Alexander W. Richter & Sarah Zubairy, 2025, "Revisiting the Interest Rate Effects of Federal Debt," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, number 2513, Apr, revised 09 Jul 2025, DOI: 10.24149/wp2513r1.
• Rochelle M. Edge & Dan Li, 2025, "Central bank preparedness for market-functioning asset purchases as a consideration for long-run balance sheet composition," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2025-077, Sep, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2025.077.
• Francois R. Velde, 2025, "Britain’s Debt Restructuring, 1717–22," Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, number WP 2025-21, Oct, DOI: 10.21033/wp-2025-21.
• Adam Copeland & R. Jay Kahn, 2025, "The Rise of Sponsored Service for Clearing Repo," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20251008, Oct, DOI: 10.59576/lse.20251008.
• Michael J. Fleming & Jonathan Palash-Mizner & Or Shachar, 2025, "End‑of‑Month Activity Across the Treasury Market," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20251009, Oct, DOI: 10.59576/lse.20251009.
• Natalia E. Barbashova & Olga V. Suchkova, 2025, "Application of Financial Management Tools to Ensure Budget Balance and Debt Sustainability in Russian Regions," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 3, pages 72-89, June, DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2025-3-72-89.
• E. A. Kopalkina & M. G. Arustamyan & M. M. Minasyan & S. A. Avetisyan & R. Y. Mangasaryan, 2025, "Current State of the Green Finance Market in Russia and Its Prospects," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 5, pages 76-92, October, DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2025-5-76-92.
• Ilya Sokolov, 2025, "Sustainability of regional budgets is beyond doubt," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 21, pages 1-4, September.
• Sergey Drobyshevsky & Ilya Sokolov, 2025, "The fiscal impact of the proposed VAT changes may not meet budget expectations," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 24, pages 1-5, October.
• Ilya Sokolov, 2025, "Features and risks of the federal budget project for the next three years," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 25, pages 1-5, November.
• Sokolov Ilya, 2025, "Federal Budget Ececution in 2025: Are there risks for budget sustainability?," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 6, pages 1-4, April.
• Ilya Sokolov, 2025, "Sustainability of regional budgets is beyond doubt," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 21, pages 1-4, September.
• Sergey Drobyshevsky & Ilya Sokolov, 2025, "The fiscal impact of the proposed VAT changes may not meet budget expectations," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 24, pages 1-4, October.
• Ilya Sokolov, 2025, "Features and risks of the federal budget project for the next three years," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 25, pages 1-4, November.
• Sokolov Ilya, 2025, "Federal Budget Ececution in 2025: Are there risks for budget sustainability?," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 6, pages 1-4, April.
• Mark S. Manger & David Mihalyi & Ugo Panizza & Niccolò Rescia & Christoph Trebesch & Ka Lok Wong, 2025, "Africa's Domestic Debt Boom: Evidence from the African Debt Database," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 15-2025, Oct.
• Ugo Panizza & Beatrice Weder di Mauro & Shuyang Shi & Mitu Gulati, 2025, "The Sovereign Greenium: Big Promise but Small Price Effect," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 16-2025, Nov.
• Marion Davin & Mouez Fodha & Thomas Seegmuller, 2025, "Pollution, public debt, and growth: the question of sustainability," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-04990924, Mar, DOI: 10.1017/s1365100525000112.
• Jean-Claude Kouakou Brou & Jamal Bouoiyour & Olivier Hueber, 2025, "Harmonizing public debt and creating convergence clubs in sub-Saharan Africa," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-05072788, May, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2025.101315.
• Amélie Barbier-Gauchard & Emmanouil Sofianos, 2025, "Forecasting Public Debt in the Euro Area Using Machine Learning: Decision Tools for Financial Markets," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-05459979, Oct, DOI: 10.1007/s10614-025-11106-9.
• Fotios Gkatzoglou & Emmanouil Sofianos & Amélie Barbier-Gauchard, 2025, "The EU Public Debt Synchronization: A Complex Networks Approach," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-05464661, Jun, DOI: 10.3390/economies13070186.
• Marion Davin & Mouez Fodha & Thomas Seegmuller, 2025, "Pollution, public debt, and growth: the question of sustainability," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint), HAL, number hal-04990924, Mar, DOI: 10.1017/s1365100525000112.
• Ibrahima Diarra & Michel Guillard & Hubert Kempf, 2025, "Sovereign Defaults and Debt Sustainability: A Joint Analysis," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main), HAL, number hal-05514894, Jan.
• Pablo Aguilar Perez, 2025, "Gatekeepers of the Market? IMF Surveillance and Sovereign Access to Global Finance," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05158115.
• Yacouba Coulibaly & Jean-Marc Malambwe Kilolo & Tanouh Fadiga Hacime, 2025, "Sovereign credit rating and resource-backed loans in African countries," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05165783, Jul, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15976266.
• Yacouba Coulibaly & Askandarou Cheik Diallo, 2025, "Can fiscal rules improve banking system stability in developing countries?," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05165825, Jul, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15976850.
• Mark S Manger & David Mihalyi & Ugo Panizza & Niccolò Rescia & Christoph Trebesch & Ka Lok Wong, 2025, "Africa's Domestic Debt Boom: Evidence from the African Debt Database," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05305125, Oct.
• Maxime Fajeau, 2025, "The Interplay of Public and Private Debts: Evidence on Business Cycles and Growth," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05396035, Dec.
• Ibrahima Diarra & Michel Guillard & Hubert Kempf, 2025, "Sovereign Defaults and Debt Sustainability: A Joint Analysis," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05514894, Jan.
• Frédérique Bec & François Courtoy & Philipp Mohl & Frederic Opitz, 2025, "The Stochastic Simulations of the Commission's Debt Sustainability Analysis: A Refined Approach
  [Simulations stochastiques de l'analyse de la soutenabilité de la dette de la Commission Européenne : Une approche affinée]," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-05574615, Oct, DOI: 10.2765/2628965.
• Anyfantaki, Sofia & Blix Grimaldi, Marianna & Madeira, Carlos & Malovana, Simona & Papadopoulos, Georgios, 2025, "Decoding climate-related risks in sovereign bond pricing: A global perspective," Working Paper Series, Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden), number 453, Jul.
• Frane Banić & Milan Deskar-Škrbić & Maroje Lang, 2025, "Which bite harder: new or old EU fiscal rules? Backcasting Croatian episode under the EDP," Surveys, The Croatian National Bank, Croatia, number 42, Mar.
• Bernardo X. Fernández-Tellería & Leticia Victoria Castedo Michel, 2025, "Sustainable finance and horizontal fiscal equalization: the case of bolivian municipalities," Investigación & Desarrollo, Universidad Privada Boliviana, number 0625, DOI: http://10.0.93.73/idupbo.025.2-1e.
• Amin Rashidov, 2025, "Public Debt as a Catalyst for Infrastructure Development in Key Sectors of the Economy: Case Study of Azerbaijan," Oblik i finansi, Institute of Accounting and Finance, issue 2, pages 190-200, June, DOI: 10.33146/2307-9878-2025-2(108)-190-.
• Serhii Petrukha & Nina Petrukha & Roman Miakota & Dmytro Matsenko, 2025, "Public Debt Policy and Debt Security in the Context of Post-War Recovery," Oblik i finansi, Institute of Accounting and Finance, issue 2, pages 67-78, June, DOI: 10.33146/2307-9878-2025-2(108)-67-7.
• Alejandro D. Jacobo, 2025, "Hablando claro: ¿Promueve la deuda pública el crecimiento económico?," Revista Actualidad Económica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Instituto de Economía y Finanzas, volume 35, issue 115, pages 31-42, Ene-Abr.
• Marco Bassetto & Carlo Galli & Jason Hall, 2025, "The role of dispersed information in maintaining low interest rates," IFS Working Papers, Institute for Fiscal Studies, number W25/62, Dec.
• Anna Gelpern & Omar Haddad & Sebastian Horn & Paulina Kintzinger & Bradley C. Parks & Christoph Trebesch, 2025, "How China collateralizes," Working Paper Series, Peterson Institute for International Economics, number WP25-20, Sep.
• Puriya Abbassi & Rajkamal Iyer & José-Luis Peydró & Paul E. Soto, 2025, "Stressed Banks? Evidence from the Largest-Ever Supervisory Review," Management Science, INFORMS, volume 71, issue 10, pages 8390-8412, October, DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2020.01714.
• Kruger, Wikus & Cassimon, Danny, 2025, "The currency risk challenge in African power finance: structures, politics, and emerging responses," IOB Working Papers, Universiteit Antwerpen, Institute of Development Policy (IOB), number 2025.12, Aug.
• Ajaz Ayoub & Tahir Ahmad Wani & Abid Sultan, 2025, "Public debt and GDP growth in BRICS: unravelling time-scale complexities through wavelet analysis," Public Sector Economics, Institute of Public Finance, volume 49, issue 3, pages 369-393, DOI: 10.3326/pse.49.3.2.
• Massimo Bordignon & Davide Cipullo & Gilberto Turati, 2025, "Strategic Bankruptcies. Do Smart Politicians Do It Better?," Working papers, Società Italiana di Economia Pubblica, number 121, Oct.
• António Afonso & José Alves & João Jalles & Sofia Monteiro, 2025, "Shaken Balances: Climate Risks and the Dynamics of Fiscal and External Sustainability," Working Papers REM, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa, number 2025/0375, Apr.
• António Afonso & José Alves & Alessio Ferraro & Sofia Monteiro, 2025, "Green Fiscal Multipliers with Different Sovereign Debt Trajectories in EU Countries," Working Papers REM, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa, number 2025/0389, Jul.
• António Afonso & Joshua Jablonowski, 2025, "Fiscal Regimes And Sustainability: Insights From Post-War Germany," Working Papers REM, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa, number 2025/0392, Sep.
• António Afonso & José Alves & Sofia Monteiro, 2025, "Echoes of instability: how geopolitical risks shape government debt holdings," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, volume 58, issue 3, pages 1-28, June, DOI: 10.1007/s10644-025-09879-y.
• Asad Nisar & Rabia Rafique, 2025, "Fiscal strategies for sustainable debt management in developing economies: dynamic common correlated effects approach," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, volume 58, issue 4, pages 1-31, August, DOI: 10.1007/s10644-025-09909-9.
• Ahmed Kamara, 2025, "The Government Spending Multiplier in the Presence of the Informal Sector," Open Economies Review, Springer, volume 36, issue 1, pages 137-175, February, DOI: 10.1007/s11079-023-09747-0.
• Martins Iyoboyi & Abdullahi Badiru, 2025, "The Influence of Economic Institutions in the Debt-Growth Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria," Open Economies Review, Springer, volume 36, issue 1, pages 177-195, February, DOI: 10.1007/s11079-024-09749-6.
• Ibrahima Diarra & Michel Guillard & Hubert Kempf, 2025, "Sovereign Defaults and Debt Sustainability: A Joint Analysis," Open Economies Review, Springer, volume 36, issue 5, pages 1365-1412, November, DOI: 10.1007/s11079-025-09806-8.
• Kimiko Terai, 2025, "The Sovereign Bond Issuance and Tax Competition for Portfolio Investment: A Political Economy Approach," Keio-IES Discussion Paper Series, Institute for Economics Studies, Keio University, number DP2025-016, Jul.
• Kimiko Terai, 2025, "The Sovereign Bond Issuance and Tax Competition for Portfolio Investment," Keio-IES Discussion Paper Series, Institute for Economics Studies, Keio University, number DP2025-024, Oct.
• Stefan Niemann & Timm M. Prein, 2025, "Sovereign Risk under Diagnostic Expectations," Working Paper Series of the Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, number 2025-02, Feb.
• Dedák, István & Dombi, Ákos, 2025, "Mekkora az államadósság terhe?. Az államadósság hatása a gazdasági növekedésre a neoklasszikus növekedéselméletben
  [How much is the burden of public debt?. The impact of public debt on economic growth in neoclassical growth theory]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), volume 0, issue 7, pages 669-693, DOI: 10.18414/KSZ.2025.7-8.669.
• Sávai, Marianna, 2025, "Költségvetési fenntarthatóság a koronavírus-járvány után. A visegrádi országok adósságdinamikájuk tükrében
  [Fiscal sustainability based on debt-dynamics: evidence from the Visegrad countries after COVID-19]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), volume 0, issue 7, pages 757-776, DOI: 10.18414/KSZ.2025.7-8.757.
• Edward Lane, 2025, "Protecting Social Security: The Case Against Extending the Full Retirement Age," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1080, Apr.
• Olegs Tkacevs & Karsten Staehr, 2025, "The Effects of Macroeconomic and Budget Balance Shocks on Public Debt Trajectories in the Euro Area," Working Papers, Latvijas Banka, number 2025/08, Oct.
• Jacobo Alejandro D. & Ramos-Herrera María del Carmen, 2025, "Debt-Growth Nexus and Latin America," Review of Economics, De Gruyter, volume 76, issue 2, pages 165-177, DOI: 10.1515/roe-2025-0008.
• Alok Johri, 2025, "Sovereign Default, Foreign Exchange-in-Advance Constraints, and Endogenous Default Costs," Department of Economics Working Papers, McMaster University, number 2025-06, Aug.
• Remo Nitschke & Felix Roesel, 2025, "Elite Persistence and Policy Persistence: Re-installed Mayors from Weimar Germany," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, volume 81, issue 1, pages 1-36, DOI: 10.1628/fa-2025-0005.
• Lucas Argentieri Mariani & Mattia Longhi & Silvia Marchesi, 2025, "Reversing the Political Resource Curse: Accountability and Regional Favoritism under Capital Windfalls," Working Papers, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, number 552, Apr.
• Harold L. Cole & Daniel Neuhann & Guillermo Ordoñez, 2025, "How to Sell Public Debt in Uncertain Times," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 33616, Mar.
• Karen Dynan & Douglas Elmendorf, 2025, "Putting US Fiscal Policy on a Sustainable Path," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 33751, May.
• Carol Bertaut & Valentina Bruno & Hyun Song Shin, 2025, "Original Sin Redux: Role of Duration Risk," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 33816, May.
• Michael Plante & Alexander W. Richter & Sarah Zubairy, 2025, "Revisiting the Interest Rate Effects of Federal Debt," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 34018, Jul.
• Barry Eichengreen & Poonam Gupta, 2025, "The State of the States:Federal Finance in India," India Policy Forum, National Council of Applied Economic Research, volume 21, issue 1, pages 26-94.
• Barry Eichengreen & Poonam Gupta, 2025, "The State of the States: Federal Finance in India," NCAER Working Papers, National Council of Applied Economic Research, number 180, Feb.
• National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 2025, "Outlook for Fiscal Policy," National Institute Economic Outlook, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, issue Autumn, pages 23-39.
• National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 2025, "Box C: How Big Should the Fiscal Buffer Be?," National Institute Economic Outlook, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, issue Autumn, pages 29-33.
• National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 2025, "Global Conditions," National Institute Economic Outlook, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, issue Autumn, pages 7-14.
• National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 2025, "Global Conditions," National Institute Economic Outlook, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, issue Summer, pages 5-17.
• Álvaro Pina & Mauricio Hitschfeld & Takashi Miyahara, 2025, "Drivers of public debt reductions: Lessons from past episodes in OECD countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 1841, Sep, DOI: 10.1787/89a45c05-en.
• Christian Gréus & Jan Stráský, 2025, "National fiscal plans under the new EU fiscal rules: An initial assessment," OECD Economics Department Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 1853, Dec, DOI: 10.1787/33d810b4-en.
• Yuki Uchida & Tetsuo Ono, 2025, "Political Economy of Non-Compliance with the Golden Rule of Public Finance," Discussion Papers in Economics and Business, Osaka University, Graduate School of Economics, number 25-01, Jan.
• Yuki Uchida & Tetsuo Ono, 2025, "The Political Economy of Non-Compliance with the Golden Rule of Public Finance," Discussion Papers in Economics and Business, Osaka University, Graduate School of Economics, number 25-01-Rev., Jan, revised Feb 2026.
• Mert Onen & Hyun Song Shin & Goetz von Peter, 2025, "Overcoming original sin: Shedding new light on uneven progress," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, volume 40, issue 122, pages 575-620.
• Gerhard Kling & Yuen C Lo & Victor Murinde & Ulrich Volz, 2025, "Climate vulnerability and the cost of debt," Oxford Open Economics, Oxford University Press, volume 4, issue , pages 1-003..
• Manabu Nose, 2025, "Evaluating fiscal supports on the public–private partnerships: a hidden risk for contract survival," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, volume 77, issue 3, pages 806-828.
• Antonio Diez de los Rios, 2025, "A Portfolio-Balance Model of Inflation and Yield Curve Determination," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, Society for Financial Studies, volume 15, issue 2, pages 121-161.
• Danny Cassimon & Dennis Essers & Andrea F Presbitero, 2025, "Debtor (Non-)Participation in Sovereign Debt Relief: A Real Option Approach," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, volume 39, issue 4, pages 924-955.
• Marcos Chamon & Francisco Roldán, 2025, "Sovereign Debt Tolerance with Potentially Permanent Costs of Default," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, volume 73, issue 1, pages 118-149, March, DOI: 10.1057/s41308-024-00260-z.
• Clemens M. Graf von Luckner & Josefin Meyer & Carmen M. Reinhart & Christoph Trebesch, 2025, "Sovereign Haircuts: 200 Years of Creditor Losses," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, volume 73, issue 1, pages 150-195, March, DOI: 10.1057/s41308-024-00268-5.
• Karim Khan, 2025, "A Review on Fiscal and Debt Policies in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, number 2025:2.
• Tobias Bergmann & Nikolaj Moretti, 2025, "Trading deficits for investment: Optimal deficit rules for present-biased governments," CEPA Discussion Papers, Center for Economic Policy Analysis, number 85, Jan, DOI: 10.25932/publishup-67027.
• Prince Nartey Menzo, Benjamin & Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel & Prempeh, Kwadwo Boateng, 2025, "Innovative Climate Finance in Ghana: A Systematic Review of Green Bonds, Blended Finance, and Climate Funds," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 124517, Jan, revised 17 Mar 2025.
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• Vîntu, Denis, 2025, "Budget Deficit, Primary Deficit and Ponzi Games," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 125693, Aug, revised Jul 2025.
• Vintu, Denis, 2025, "Maastricht Criteria and Public Debt," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 125712, Aug, revised Aug 2025.
• Boughabi, Houssam, 2025, "Theoretical Modeling of Macroeconomic Stability under Austerity: The Roles of FDI, Consumption Volatility, and Wage Financing," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 126296, May.
• Kahembwe, Christ, 2025, "Choc exogène et stabilité macroéconomique
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• Phiri Kampanje, Brian, 2025, "Analyzing the Shire Valley Transformation Project in Malawi through the lens of the SDGs," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 126389, Aug.
• Phiri Kampanje, Brian, 2025, "Municipal bonds as sustainable means of constructing secondary cities in Malawi under the Medium-term Implementation Plan (MIP-1) of the Malawi Vision 206," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 126555, Aug.
• Xu, Jack, 2025, "The Phase Diagram of Debt-to-GDP Limit and Debt-Financing of Interest," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 126739, Nov.
• Le Roux, Thomas, 2025, "Geopolitical Shocks, Fiscal Dominance, and the TPI Conditionality: A Structural Conflict in the Euro Area," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 126750, Nov, revised 07 Nov 2025.
• Kyriakopoulou, Dimitra, 2025, "A Shrinkage Factor-Augmented VAR for High-Dimensional Macro–Fiscal Dynamics," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 127158, Dec.
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• Cortes Quiñonez, Juan Camilo, 2025, "Crisis, debt and growth: lessons in fiscal and monetary policy: an analysis for the Colombian case," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 128611, Apr.
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• Vladimir Mihajlović, 2025, "Nonlinearity in the Debt-Growth Nexus in the EU: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Threshold Regression," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, volume 2025, issue 3, pages 500-527, DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1456.
• Mihaela Simionescu, 2025, "Public Debt and Economic Growth in the European Union: Lessons for Post-pandemic Period," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, volume 2025, issue 6, pages 967-985, DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1467.
• Ante Šterc & Othman Bouabdallah & Pascal Jacquinot, 2025, "Tax Structures and Fiscal Multipliers in HANK Models," Working Papers, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department, number w202508.
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• Ali Benabdennour, 2025, "Public Debt, Corruption and Growth: Are There Any Threshold Effects?," Journal of Economic Development, The Economic Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, volume 50, issue 3, pages 103-121, September, DOI: 10.35866/caujed.2024.50.3.005.
• Daniel DĂIANU & Ionuț DUMITRU & Leonard UZUM, 2025, "The Twin deficits syndrome – the case of Romania," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, volume 0, issue 1, pages 23-39, April.
• Guangling Liu & Marrium Mustapher, 2025, "The effects of monetary policy shocks on inflation: The role of backed and unbacked public debt in a monetary and fiscal policy regime mix," ERSA Working Paper Series, Economic Research Southern Africa, number 71, Feb.
• Pratibha S. & Krishna Muniyoor, 2025, "India’s Debt Dilemma: Investigating Threshold, Primary Surplus, and Institutional Quality," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, volume 24, issue 4, pages 439-460, December, DOI: 10.1177/09726527251345112.
• Kpeyol Kamo & Jerome Andohol & Gbatsoron Anjande & Victor Ushahemba Ijirshar, 2025, "Trade Gap and Public Debt Sustainability in Nigeria," Foreign Trade Review, , volume 60, issue 4, pages 407-422, November, DOI: 10.1177/00157325241274812.
• Naveed Khan & Shamsher Ali & Syed Sadaqat Ali Shah, 2025, "Testing Threshold Effects of External Debt: Empirical Evidence From Developing Countries," SAGE Open, , volume 15, issue 3, pages 21582440251, August, DOI: 10.1177/21582440251361980.
• Yuen C. Lo & Ulrich Volz, 2025, "The Impacts of Disasters on Capital Flows, International Reserves and Exchange Rates: Implications for Public Sector Financial Risk Management and Development Lenders," Working Papers, Department of Economics, SOAS University of London, UK, number 267, Feb.
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• Martin Larch & Wouter Wielen, 2025, "Comply and invest: the effect of EU fiscal rules on public investment," Empirical Economics, Springer, volume 69, issue 4, pages 1725-1750, October, DOI: 10.1007/s00181-025-02778-1.
• Chiara Oldani & Temirlan Moldogaziev, 2025, "Revisiting the fiscal drivers of subnational borrowing: a comparative analysis of Italian regions and the American states," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, volume 15, issue 4, pages 1069-1097, December, DOI: 10.1007/s40822-025-00325-y.
• Blessy Augustine & O. P. C. Muhammed Rafi, 2025, "Role of Macroeconomic Channels in the Debt-Growth Nexus: Evidence of Non-linearity," India Studies in Business and Economics, Springer, in: K. R. Shanmugam, "India's Public Finance and Policy Challenges in the 2020s", DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-2860-5_18.
• Keshmeer Makun, 2025, "An Asymmetric Analysis of Public Debt and Defence Expenditure in Fiji," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), volume 16, issue 2, pages 9161-9176, June, DOI: 10.1007/s13132-024-02238-8.
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• Woon Kan Yap & Fakarudin Kamarudin & Jenny Gryzelius, 2025, "External debt, state ownership and technical efficiency: A stochastic frontier analysis of emerging economies," Portuguese Economic Journal, Springer;Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestao, volume 24, issue 1, pages 123-150, January, DOI: 10.1007/s10258-024-00255-8.
• Daisuke Miyashita, 2025, "Economic growth and income inequality: The role of fiscal and monetary policy," Portuguese Economic Journal, Springer;Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestao, volume 24, issue 2, pages 171-204, May, DOI: 10.1007/s10258-024-00267-4.
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• Philipp Heimberger, 2025, "Fiscal consolidation and its growth effects in euro area countries: past, present and future outlook," Review of Evolutionary Political Economy, Springer, volume 6, issue 3, pages 589-617, December, DOI: 10.1007/s43253-025-00146-4.
• Timm Betz & Amy Pond, 2025, "Governments as borrowers and regulators," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, volume 20, issue 1, pages 189-218, March, DOI: 10.1007/s11558-023-09516-1.
• Amini Jephté Byamungu & Diping Zhang, 2025, "From debt to development: evaluating the effects of external debt, political instability, and inflation on economic growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo," SN Business & Economics, Springer, volume 5, issue 10, pages 1-26, October, DOI: 10.1007/s43546-025-00864-1.
• Raluca Maran, 2025, "Do investors reward sovereign catastrophe bond issuance? Evidence from a panel of 26 disaster-prone countries," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), volume 161, issue 2, pages 705-741, May, DOI: 10.1007/s10290-024-00557-1.
• Marek Piotrowski & Magdalena Antoń & Emilia Kwiatkowska, 2025, "Demographic ageing and public debt in Poland. Is the public finance sector about to collapse?," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, volume 12, issue 3, pages 286-303, March, DOI: 10.9770/c5989647484.
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• Claudia Ciccone, 2025, "Will the New European Fiscal Rules Raise the Debt-to-GDP Ratio? An Analysis of the Italian Case," Working Papers Series, Institute for New Economic Thinking, number inetwp243, Nov, DOI: 10.36687/inetwp243.
• Léo Aparisi de Lannoy & Anmol Bhandari & David Evans & Mikhail Golosov & Thomas Sargent, 2025, "Managing Public Portfolios," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, volume 133, issue 12, pages 3903-3951, DOI: 10.1086/738150.
• Iana Okhrimenko, 2025, "From Seizure to Spreads. How News About russian Assets Moves European Sovereign Yields," Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine, issue 09, pages 1-28, DOI: 10.26531/vnbu2025.op09.
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• EBELE, Chidera Favour & IHUARULAM, Gideon, 2025, "Determinants Of Household Debt-To-Gdp Financial Stability, And Economic Resilience. A Cross-Country Panel Analysis (2000–2023)," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", volume 29, issue 2, pages 48-82, June.
• HINCU, Rodica & LITOCENCO, Ana, 2025, "Development Of The Government Securities Market Of The Republic Of Moldova Through Increasing The Investment Attractiveness Of These Instruments," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", volume 29, issue 4, pages 24-46, December, DOI: https://doi.org/10.65672/fs.2025.4..
• CHIRILĂ, Ioan, 2025, "The Public Finances, Bank Credit, And Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence From European Union Countries," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", volume 29, issue 4, pages 84-97, December, DOI: https://doi.org/10.65672/fs.2025.4..
• Oliinyk Andrii & Huliaieva Liudmyla & Nosova Euvgenia & Tkachenko Ianina & Sierova Liudmyla & Slokva Maryna, 2025, "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Economies: Comprehensive Analysis," Economics, Paradigm, volume 13, issue 4, pages 481-489, DOI: 10.2478/eoik-2025-0101.
• Zhang Huiyu & Xiao Jianhua & Vveinhardt Jolita & Máté Domicián, 2025, "Coordinating Government Fiscal Policy and Debt Management: Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization," Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, Paradigm, volume 47, issue 3, pages 459-483, DOI: 10.15544/mts.2025.37.
• Korbi Hajdar & Hoti Avdullah, 2025, "The Debt-Growth Relationship in the Western Balkans, Developing Europe, and the Eurozone Economies: Testing for the Existence of a Tipping Point," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, Paradigm, volume 20, issue 2, pages 149-164, DOI: 10.2478/jeb-2025-0024.
• Gersbach Hans, 2025, "Demokratie als institutionelles Entdeckungsverfahren für neue Regeln," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 11, pages 775-780, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0201.
• Winkler Adalbert, 2025, "Die große Verwirrung: Schulden, Vermögen und Generationengerechtigkeit," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 11, pages 792-797, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0204.
• Boysen-Hogrefe Jens & Jannsen Nils, 2025, "Konjunkturschlaglicht: Kreditaufnahme und finanzpolitischer Impuls," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 11, pages 851-852, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0214.
• Cuny Reinhard, 2025, "Vorschlag zur Ergänzung der Schuldenbremse um eine kaufmännische Sichtweise," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 3, pages 178-184, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0049.
• Lenk Thomas, 2025, "Verschuldung der Länder: Sprengen selbstangelegter Fesseln," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 4, pages 221-221, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0059.
• Winkler Adalbert, 2025, "Staatsverschuldung: Die Inflation im Auge behalten," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 4, pages 224-224, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0062.
• Werding Martin & Bialek-Gregory Sylwia & Schwarz Milena & Zuber Christopher, 2025, "Sondervermögen Infrastruktur: Verschuldungsspielräume klug nutzen," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 5, pages 320-324, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0084.
• Ackermann Manuel, 2025, "Die Schuldenbremse: Generationengerechte Haushaltspolitik mit konjunktureller Flexibilität," Wirtschaftsdienst, Paradigm, volume 105, issue 9, pages 659-664, DOI: 10.2478/wd-2025-0168.
• Kim, Dohan & Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, 2025, "External Finance in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies : A Tale of Differences in Vulnerabilities," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 11274, Dec.