Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

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Top JEL
/ E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
/ / E5: Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
/ / / E58: Central Banks and Their Policies

2021

• Ilabaca, Francisco & Milani, Fabio, 2021, "Heterogeneous expectations, indeterminacy, and postwar US business cycles," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 68, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103307.
• Strong, Christine & Yayi, Constant, 2021, "Central bank independence, fiscal deficits and currency union: Lessons from Africa," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 68, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103313.
• Hogan, Thomas L., 2021, "Bank lending and interest on excess reserves: An empirical investigation," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 69, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103333.
• Chen, Huiying, 2021, "On the welfare implications of nominal GDP targeting," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 69, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103336.
• Tayler, William J. & Zilberman, Roy, 2021, "Optimal Loan Loss Provisions and Welfare," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 69, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103338.
• Walerych, Małgorzata & Wesołowski, Grzegorz, 2021, "Fed and ECB monetary policy spillovers to Emerging Market Economies," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 70, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103345.
• Nunes, Ricardo & Park, Donghyun & Rondina, Luca, 2021, "Imperfect credibility, sticky wages, and welfare," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 70, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103363.
• Busetti, Fabio & Neri, Stefano & Notarpietro, Alessandro & Pisani, Massimiliano, 2021, "Monetary policy strategies in the New Normal: A model-based analysis for the euro area," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 70, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103366.
• Maih, Junior & Mazelis, Falk & Motto, Roberto & Ristiniemi, Annukka, 2021, "Asymmetric monetary policy rules for the euro area and the US," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, volume 70, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103376.
• Bitros, George C., 2021, "Destabilizing asymmetries in central banking: With some enlightenment from money in classical Athens," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 23, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2021.e00199.
• Alex, Dony, 2021, "Anchoring of inflation expectations in large emerging economies," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 23, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2021.e00202.
• Dang, Van Dan & Dang, Van Cuong, 2021, "Liquidity injection, bank lending, and security holdings: The asymmetric effects in Vietnam," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 24, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2021.e00212.
• Farinha, Jorge Bento & Vidrago, José, 2021, "The impact of the ECB's asset purchase programme on core and peripheral sovereign yields and its transmission channels," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 24, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2021.e00213.
• Bui, Duy-Tung & Nguyen, Canh Phuc & Su, Thanh Dinh, 2021, "Asymmetric impacts of monetary policy and business cycles on bank risk-taking: Evidence from Emerging Asian markets," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 24, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2021.e00221.
• Bordo, Michael D. & Duca, John V., 2021, "An overview of the Fed's new credit policy tools and their cushioning effect on the COVID-19 recession," Journal of Government and Economics, Elsevier, volume 3, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jge.2021.100013.
• Bhar, Ramaprasad & Malliaris, A.G., 2021, "Modeling U.S. monetary policy during the global financial crisis and lessons for Covid-19," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, volume 43, issue 1, pages 15-33, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.07.001.
• Carnazza, Giovanni & Liberati, Paolo, 2021, "The asymmetric impact of the pandemic crisis on interest rates on public debt in the Eurozone," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, volume 43, issue 3, pages 521-542, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.04.001.
• Rojas-Bernal, Alejandro & Villamizar-Villegas, Mauricio, 2021, "Pricing the exotic: Path-dependent American options with stochastic barriers," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, volume 2, issue 1, DOI: 10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100025.
• De La Peña, Rogelio, 2021, "Should monetary policy lean against the wind in a small-open economy? Revisiting the Tinbergen rule," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, volume 2, issue 1, DOI: 10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100026.
• Bitar, Joseph, 2021, "Foreign Currency Intermediation: Systemic Risk and Macroprudential Regulation," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, volume 2, issue 2, DOI: 10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100028.
• Sabetti, Leonard & Heijmans, Ronald, 2021, "Shallow or deep? Training an autoencoder to detect anomalous flows in a retail payment system," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, volume 2, issue 2, DOI: 10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100031.
• Rubio, Jeniffer & Pérez, Bryan & Arroyo, John, 2021, "Risk monitoring in Ecuador's payment system: Implementation of a network topology study," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, volume 2, issue 3, DOI: 10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100039.
• Romero, José Vicente & Vargas, Hernando & Cardozo, Pamela & Murcia, Andrés, 2021, "How foreign participation in the Colombian local public debt market has influenced domestic financial conditions," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, volume 2, issue 4, DOI: 10.1016/j.latcb.2021.100043.
• Duffy, John & Heinemann, Frank, 2021, "Central bank reputation, cheap talk and transparency as substitutes for commitment: Experimental evidence," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 117, issue C, pages 887-903, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.06.006.
• Sims, Eric & Wu, Jing Cynthia, 2021, "Evaluating Central Banks’ tool kit: Past, present, and future," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 118, issue C, pages 135-160, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.03.018.
• Correia, Isabel & De Fiore, Fiorella & Teles, Pedro & Tristani, Oreste, 2021, "Credit subsidies," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 118, issue C, pages 2-14, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.12.002.
• Diba, Behzad & Loisel, Olivier, 2021, "Pegging the interest rate on bank reserves: A resolution of New Keynesian puzzles and paradoxes," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 118, issue C, pages 230-244, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.10.002.
• Swanson, Eric T., 2021, "Measuring the effects of federal reserve forward guidance and asset purchases on financial markets," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 118, issue C, pages 32-53, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.09.003.
• Jasova, Martina & Mendicino, Caterina & Supera, Dominik, 2021, "Policy uncertainty, lender of last resort and the real economy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 118, issue C, pages 381-398, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.12.001.
• Baeriswyl, Romain & Boun My, Kene & Cornand, Camille, 2021, "Double overreaction in beauty contests with information acquisition: Theory and experiment," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 118, issue C, pages 432-445, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.12.004.
• Fabo, Brian & Jančoková, Martina & Kempf, Elisabeth & Pástor, Ľuboš, 2021, "Fifty shades of QE: Comparing findings of central bankers and academics," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 120, issue C, pages 1-20, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.04.001.
• Beutel, Johannes & Metiu, Norbert & Stockerl, Valentin, 2021, "Toothless tiger with claws? Financial stability communication, expectations, and risk-taking," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 120, issue C, pages 53-69, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.03.003.
• Ou, Shengliang & Zhang, Donghai & Zhang, Renbin, 2021, "Information frictions, monetary policy, and the paradox of price flexibility," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 120, issue C, pages 70-82, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.03.005.
• Cui, Wei & Sterk, Vincent, 2021, "Quantitative easing with heterogeneous agents," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 123, issue C, pages 68-90, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.07.007.
• Carvalho, Carlos & Nechio, Fernanda & Tristão, Tiago, 2021, "Taylor rule estimation by OLS," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 124, issue C, pages 140-154, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.10.010.
• Kaminska, Iryna & Mumtaz, Haroon & Šustek, Roman, 2021, "Monetary policy surprises and their transmission through term premia and expected interest rates," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 124, issue C, pages 48-65, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.07.009.
• Baranowski, Pawel & Bennani, Hamza & Doryń, Wirginia, 2021, "Do the ECB's introductory statements help predict monetary policy? Evidence from a tone analysis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 66, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101964.
• Reinsberg, Bernhard & Kern, Andreas & Rau-Göhring, Matthias, 2021, "The political economy of IMF conditionality and central bank independence," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 68, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101987.
• Strong, Christine Olivia, 2021, "Political influence, central bank independence and inflation in Africa: A comparative analysis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 69, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102004.
• Corsello, Francesco & Neri, Stefano & Tagliabracci, Alex, 2021, "Anchored or de-anchored? That is the question," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 69, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102031.
• Cachanosky, Nicolás & Ferrelli Mazza, Federico Julián, 2021, "Why did inflation targeting fail in Argentina?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 80, issue C, pages 102-116, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2021.01.014.
• Fouda Owoundi, Jean-Pierre & Mbassi, Christophe Martial & Owoundi, Ferdinand, 2021, "Does inflation targeting weaken financial stability? Assessing the role of institutional quality," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 80, issue C, pages 374-398, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2021.03.003.
• Möller, Rouven & Reichmann, Doron, 2021, "ECB language and stock returns – A textual analysis of ECB press conferences," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 80, issue C, pages 590-604, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2021.04.003.
• Churm, Rohan & Joyce, Michael & Kapetanios, George & Theodoridis, Konstantinos, 2021, "Unconventional monetary policies and the macroeconomy: The impact of the UK's QE2 and funding for lending scheme," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 80, issue C, pages 721-736, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2018.10.004.
• Ellington, Michael & Milas, Costas, 2021, "On the economic impact of aggregate liquidity shocks: The case of the UK," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 80, issue C, pages 737-752, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2018.09.008.
• Parnes, Dror, 2021, "Modeling the contagion of bank runs with a Markov model," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 81, issue C, pages 174-187, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2021.05.009.
• Sequeira, John M., 2021, "Monetary policy surprises, stock returns, and financial and liquidity constraints, in an exchange rate monetary policy system," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 81, issue C, pages 226-236, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2021.06.005.
• Farinha, Jorge Bento & Vidrago, José, 2021, "The impact of the ECB’s asset purchase programme on euro area equities," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 82, issue C, pages 270-279, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2021.09.010.
• Gerth, Florian & Temnov, Grigory, 2021, "New Ways of Modeling Loan-to-Income Distributions and their Evolution in Time - A Probability Copula Approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 71, issue C, pages 217-236, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2020.08.022.
• Guo, Junjie & Guo, Yumei & Miao, Shan & Pang, Xin, 2021, "An investigation of semantic similarity in PBOC’s communication on RMB volatility," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 75, issue C, pages 441-455, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2021.03.011.
• de la Horra, Luis P. & Perote, Javier & de la Fuente, Gabriel, 2021, "Monetary policy and corporate investment: A panel-data analysis of transmission mechanisms in contexts of high uncertainty," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 75, issue C, pages 609-624, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2021.04.035.
• Lien, Donald & Sun, Yuchen & Zhang, Chengsi, 2021, "Uncertainty, confidence, and monetary policy in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 76, issue C, pages 1347-1358, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2019.11.017.
• Liu, Zehao & Xie, Chengbo, 2021, "Liquidity, capital requirements, and shadow banking," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 76, issue C, pages 1379-1388, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2019.11.019.
• Kazinnik, Sophia & Papell, David H., 2021, "Monetary policy rules in practice: The case of Israel," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 76, issue C, pages 308-320, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2021.06.012.
• Gayaker, Savas & Ağaslan, Erkan & Alkan, Buket & Çiçek, Serkan, 2021, "The deterioration in credibility, destabilization of exchange rate and the rise in exchange rate pass-through in Turkey," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 76, issue C, pages 571-587, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2021.07.004.
• Reid, Monique & Siklos, Pierre & Guetterman, Timothy & Du Plessis, Stan, 2021, "The role of financial journalists in the expectations channel of the monetary transmission mechanism," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, volume 55, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101320.
• Trabelsi, Emna & Hichri, Walid, 2021, "Central Bank Transparency with (semi-)public Information: Laboratory Experiments," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, volume 90, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2020.101645.
• Monique Reid & Hanjo Odendaal & Pierre L. Siklos & Stan Du Plessis, 2021, "Priming in inflation expectations surveys," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2021-45, May.
• Guna Raj Bhatta & Rabindra Nepal & Kankesu Jayanthakumaran & Charles Harvie, 2021, "Impossible trinity in a small open economy: A state-space model informed policy simulation," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2021-60, Jul.
• Baer, Moritz & Campiglio, Emanuele & Deyris, Jérôme, 2021, "It takes two to dance: institutional dynamics and climate-related financial policies," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 111492, Apr.
• Martín Montané & Emiliano Libman & Guido Zack, 2021, "Contractionary depreciations in Latin America during the 2000s," Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, Center of Political Economy, volume 41, issue 4, pages 723-744.
• Smita Roy Trivedi, 2021, "‘Manna from heaven’: does the presence of central banks make technical analysis profitable?," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 1, pages 11-28, April.
• Trevor Evans, 2021, "The twilight of neoliberalism in the USA?," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 2, pages 119–144-1, September.
• Peter Bofinger, 2021, "The European Central Bank: the time is ripe for a major revision of its strategy," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 2, pages 163–176-1, September.
• Martin Watts, 2021, "The methodology for assessing interest-rate policy rules: some comments," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 3, pages 275–285-2, December.
• John Smithin, 2021, "The methodology for assessing interest-rate policy rules: a reply," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 3, pages 286–292-2, December.
• Karl Whelan, 2021, "Central banks and inflation: where do we stand and how did we get here?," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 3, pages 310–330-3, December.
• Santiago Capraro & Carlo Panico, 2021, "The evolution of China's monetary policy: on the horns of a dilemma," Review of Keynesian Economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 9, issue 1, pages 109-138, January.
• Dimitris G. Kirikos, 2021, "Monetary policy effectiveness in the liquidity trap: a switching regimes approach," Review of Keynesian Economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 9, issue 1, pages 139-155, January.
• Richard Senner & Didier Sornette, 2021, "Explaining global imbalances: the role of central-bank intervention and the rise of sovereign wealth funds," Review of Keynesian Economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 9, issue 1, pages 61-82, January.
• Thomas Palley, 2021, "Financialization revisited: the economics and political economy of the vampire squid economy," Review of Keynesian Economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 9, issue 4, pages 461–492-4, October.
• Sánchez Vargas, Armando & Martínez Ventura, Débora & López-Herrera, Francisco, 2021, "Tasa de interés neutral y política monetaria para México, 2020-2024," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, volume 88, issue 349, pages 201-218, enero-mar, DOI: https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v88i34.
• Bibow, Joerg, 2021, "¿Es la Teoría general una “teoría económica de la depresión”? Inestabilidad financiera y crisis en el pensamiento monetario de Keynes," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, volume 88, issue 350, pages 585-652, abril-jun, DOI: https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v88i35.
• Aula Ahmad Hafidh, 2021, "Responses of Islamic banking variables to monetary policy shocks in Indonesia," Islamic Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 28, issue 2, pages 174-190, July, DOI: 10.1108/IES-11-2020-0049.
• Vidhi Agarwal & Taniya Ghosh, 2021, "Is Inflation Targeting Successful in Emerging Economies?," International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Recent Developments in Asian Economics International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics", DOI: 10.1108/S1571-038620210000028008.
• Aishanee Sinha & Taniya Ghosh, 2021, "Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on FDI Inflows: Evidence from India," International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Recent Developments in Asian Economics International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics", DOI: 10.1108/S1571-038620210000028009.
• Ashima Goyal & Prashant Parab, 2021, "Heterogeneity of Inflation Expectations: An Analysis Using IESH Data," International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Recent Developments in Asian Economics International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics", DOI: 10.1108/S1571-038620210000028024.
• Masudul Hasan Adil & Neeraj R. Hatekar & Taniya Ghosh, 2021, "The Role of Money in the Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian and New Monetarist Perspective," International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Environmental, Social, and Governance Perspectives on Economic Development in Asia", DOI: 10.1108/S1571-03862021000029A018.
• Kanokporn Intharak & Surachai Chancharat & Jakkrich Jearviriyaboonya, 2021, "Banking Development and Household Welfare in Thailand: Evidence from a Panel Survey," International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Environmental, Social, and Governance Perspectives on Economic Development in Asia", DOI: 10.1108/S1571-03862021000029A021.
• Khalfaoui Hamdi & Guenichi Hassen, 2021, "Economic policy uncertainty effect on credit risk, lending decisions and banking performance: evidence from Tunisian listed banks," Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 38, issue 2, pages 287-303, February, DOI: 10.1108/JEAS-09-2020-0159.
• Vikas Charmal & Ashima Goyal, 2021, "Liquidity management and monetary transmission: empirical analysis for India," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 49, issue 5, pages 850-875, July, DOI: 10.1108/JES-07-2020-0359.
• Asif M. Ruman, 2021, "Stock market implications of Fed's balance sheet size," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 49, issue 2, pages 259-273, February, DOI: 10.1108/JES-09-2020-0437.
• Nicholas Apergis & James E. Payne, 2021, "Natural disasters and monetary policy: evidence from an augmented Taylor rule," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 14, issue 3, pages 317-332, June, DOI: 10.1108/JFEP-04-2021-0110.
• Mariya Gubareva, 2021, "Lower reversal limit of the European Central Bank deposit rate and sustainability of traditional banking business model," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 13, issue 6, pages 686-697, May, DOI: 10.1108/JFEP-07-2020-0151.
• Juhi Gupta & Smita Kashiramka, 2021, "Identification of systemically important banks in India using SRISK," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 29, issue 4, pages 387-408, August, DOI: 10.1108/JFRC-07-2020-0067.
• Kolawole Ebire & Saif Ullah & Bosede Ngozi Adeleye & Muhammad Ibrahim Shah, 2021, "Effect of capital flows on financial stability in middle-income countries," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 29, issue 5, pages 491-513, August, DOI: 10.1108/JFRC-08-2020-0081.
• Matari Pierre Manigat, 2021, "Finance Capital, State Transformation and Crisis Regulation: The Contribution of Rudolf Hilferding," Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, "Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology: Including a Selection of Papers Presented at the 2019 ALAHPE Conference", DOI: 10.1108/S0743-41542021000039A003.
• Ahmed H. Elsayed & Nader Naifar & Ahmed H. Elsayed, 2021, "Financial Stability and Monetary Policy Reaction: Evidence from the GCC Countries," Working Papers, Economic Research Forum, number 1474, Aug, revised 20 Aug 2021.
• Piotr Misztal, 2021, "The Size and the Main Determinants of China’s Official Currency Reserves in the Period 1990-2019," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, volume 0, issue 1, pages 568-582.
• Alina Danilowska, 2021, "The Impact of the COVID19 Pandemic on the Credit Market in Poland," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, volume 0, issue 3 - Part , pages 229-240.
• Florian B¨oser & Chiara Colesanti Senni, 2021, "CAROs: Climate Risk-Adjusted Refinancing Operations," CER-ETH Economics working paper series, CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich, number 21/354, May.
• Florian B¨oser, 2021, "Monetary Policy under Subjective Beliefs of Banks: Optimal Central Bank Collateral Requirements," CER-ETH Economics working paper series, CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich, number 21/357, Jun.
• Florian B¨oser & Hans Gersbach, 2021, "Leverage Constraints and Bank Monitoring: Bank Regulation versus Monetary Policy," CER-ETH Economics working paper series, CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich, number 21/358, Jun.
• Radostin Neykov & Caroline Robert, 2021, "The Role of the Euro in the Eastern Partnership Countries," European Economy - Discussion Papers, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission, number 138, Feb.
• Vítor Martins & Alessandro Turrini & Bořek Vašíček & Madalina Zamfir, 2021, "Euro Area Housing Markets: Trends, Challenges and Policy Responses," European Economy - Discussion Papers, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission, number 147, Sep.
• Uwe Böwer, 2021, "A Double-Edged Sword – Can a Currency Board Help Stabilise the Lebanese Economy?," European Economy - Economic Briefs, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission, number 068, Dec.
• Suela Ibraimllari, 2017, "Partocracy or Democracy: A Popperian Perspective of Democracy in Albania," European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Articles, Revistia Research and Publishing, volume 2, ejms_v2_i, DOI: 10.26417/ejms.v4i2.p90-100.
• Zdenek Tuma, 2021, "Corporate Governance of Financial Stability," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, volume 71, issue 4, pages 268-281, December.
• Vojtech Molnar, 2021, "Price Level Targeting with Imperfect Rationality: A Heuristic Approach," Working Papers IES, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, number 2021/07, Mar, revised Mar 2021.
• Tomas Domonkos & Boris Fisera & Maria Siranova, 2021, "Income Inequality as Long-term Conditioning Factor of Monetary Transmission to Bank Interest Rates in EA Countries," Working Papers IES, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, number 2021/15, May, revised May 2021.
• Jiri Witzany & Martin Divis, 2021, "Interest Rate Risk of Savings Accounts," Working Papers IES, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, number 2021/21, Jun, revised Jun 2021.
• Simon Gilchrist & Bin Wei & Vivian Z. Yue & Egon Zakrajšek, 2021, "The Term Structure of the Excess Bond Premium: Measures and Implications," Policy Hub, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, volume 2021, issue 12, September, DOI: 10.29338/ph2021-12.
• Larry D. Wall, 2021, "Bank Supervisory Goals versus Monetary Policy Implementation," Policy Hub, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, volume 2021, issue 3, pages 1-14, March, DOI: 10.29338/ph2021-03.
• Joshua Ballance & Melanie Qing & J. Christina Wang, 2021, "How Did the MSLP Borrowers Fare Before and During COVID-19?," Current Policy Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, number 93055, Sep.
• Philippe Andrade & Jordi Gali & Hervé Le Bihan & Julien Matheron, 2021, "Should the ECB Adjust Its Strategy in the Face of a Lower r*?," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, number 22-1, Apr, DOI: 10.29412/res.wp.2022.01.
• James Mitchell & Martin Weale, 2021, "Censored Density Forecasts: Production and Evaluation," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, number 21-12R, May, revised 16 Aug 2022, DOI: 10.26509/frbc-wp-202112r.
• Chengcheng Jia & Jing Cynthia Wu, 2021, "Average Inflation Targeting: Time Inconsistency And Intentional Ambiguity," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, number 21-19R, Sep, revised 01 Feb 2022, DOI: 10.26509/frbc-wp-202119r.
• Mary A. Burke & Ali Ozdagli, 2021, "Household Inflation Expectations and Consumer Spending: Evidence from Panel Data," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, number 2110, Aug, DOI: 10.24149/wp2110.
• Michael D. Bauer & Aeimit K. Lakdawala & Philippe Mueller, 2021, "Market-Based Monetary Policy Uncertainty," Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, number 2019-12, Feb, DOI: 10.24148/wp2019-12.
• Remy Beauregard & Jens H. E. Christensen & Eric Fischer & Simon Zhu, 2021, "Inflation Expectations and Risk Premia in Emerging Bond Markets: Evidence from Mexico," Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, number 2021-08, Nov, DOI: 10.24148/wp2021-08.
• Troy Davig & Andrew Foerster, 2021, "Communicating Monetary Policy Rules," Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, number 2021-12, Sep, DOI: 10.24148/wp2021-12.
• Luca Guerrieri & Michele Modugno, 2021, "The Information Content of Stress Test Announcements," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-012, Feb, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.012.
• Huberto M. Ennis & Elizabeth C. Klee, 2021, "The Fed's Discount Window in "Normal" Times," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-016r1, Mar, revised 20 Dec 2024, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.016r1.
• Sriya Anbil & Mark A. Carlson & Mary-Frances Styczynski, 2021, "The Effect of the PPPLF on PPP Lending by Commercial Banks," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-030, May, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.030.
• Edward Nelson, 2021, "The Emergence of Forward Guidance As a Monetary Policy Tool," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-033, May, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.033.
• John Kandrac, 2021, "Can the Federal Reserve Effectively Target Main Street? Evidence from the 1970s Recession," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-061, Sep, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.061.
• Callum J. Jones & Mariano Kulish & James Morley, 2021, "A Structural Measure of the Shadow Federal Funds Rate," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-064, Oct, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.064.
• Anton Badev & Lauren Clark & Daniel Ebanks & Jeffrey C. Marquardt & David C. Mills, 2021, "Fedwire Funds Service: Payments, Balances, and Available Liquidity," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-070, Nov, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.070.
• Camelia Minoiu & Rebecca Zarutskie & Andrei Zlate, 2021, "Motivating Banks to Lend? Credit Spillover Effects of the Main Street Lending Program," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2021-078, Dec, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2021.078.
• Taeyoung Doh & Sungil Kim & Shu-Kuei X. Yang, 2021, "How You Say It Matters: Text Analysis of FOMC Statements Using Natural Language Processing," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, volume 106, issue no.1, pages 25-40, February, DOI: 10.18651/ER/v106n1DohKimYang.
• Kevin L. Kliesen & David C. Wheelock, 2021, "Managing a New Policy Framework: Paul Volcker, the St. Louis Fed, and the 1979-82 War on Inflation," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, volume 103, issue 1, pages 71-97, January, DOI: 10.20955/r.103.71-97.
• Evan Karson & Christopher J. Neely, 2021, "More Stories of Unconventional Monetary Policy," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, volume 103, issue 2, pages 207-270, April, DOI: 10.20955/r.103.207-70.
• Dario Caldara & Etienne Gagnon & Enrique Martínez García & Christopher J. Neely, 2021, "Monetary Policy and Economic Performance Since the Financial Crisis," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, volume 103, issue 4, pages 425-460, October, DOI: 10.20955/r.103.425-60.
• Joel Bank & Hamish Fitchett & Adam Gorajek & Benjamin A. Malin & Andrew Staib, 2021, "Star Wars at Central Banks," Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, number 620, Feb, DOI: 10.21034/sr.620.
• Joel Bank & Hamish Fitchett & Adam Gorajek & Benjamin A. Malin & Andrew Staib, 2021, "Online Appendix: Star Wars at Central Banks," Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, number 621, Feb, DOI: 10.21034/sr.621.
• V. V. Chari & Luis Pérez, 2021, "Comment on Iovino, La’O and Mascarenhas, “Optimal Monetary Policy and Disclosure with an Informationally-Constrained Central Banker”," Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, number 628, Nov, DOI: 10.21034/sr.628.
• Callum J. Jones & Mariano Kulish & Juan Pablo Nicolini, 2021, "Priors and the Slope of the Phillips Curve," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, number 778, Mar, DOI: 10.21034/wp.778.
• Manuel Amador & Javier Bianchi, 2021, "Bank Runs, Fragility, and Credit Easing," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, number 785, Oct, DOI: 10.21034/wp.785.
• Marco Bassetto & Gherardo Gennaro Caracciolo, 2021, "Monetary/Fiscal Interactions with Forty Budget Constraints," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, number 788, Dec, DOI: 10.21034/wp.788.
• Gara Afonso & Marco Cipriani & Adam Copeland & Anna Kovner & Gabriele La Spada & Antoine Martin, 2021, "The Market Events of Mid-September 2019," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, volume 27, issue 2, pages 1-26, August.
• Beverly Hirtle, 2021, "Looking Back at 10 Years of Liberty Street Economics," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20210319, Mar.
• Michael Junho Lee & Antoine Martin, 2021, "Hey, Economist! What’s the Case for Central Bank Digital Currencies?," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20210430, Apr.
• Tobias Adrian & Michael Junho Lee & Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli & Antoine Martin, 2021, "Central Banks and Digital Currencies," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20210623, Jun.
• Adam Copeland & Darrell Duffie & Yilin Yang, 2021, "What Quantity of Reserves Is Sufficient?," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20210929, Sep.
• Dean Parker & Moritz Schularick, 2021, "The Term Spread as a Predictor of Financial Instability," Liberty Street Economics, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 20211124, Nov.
• Remy Beauregard & Jens H. E. Christensen & Eric Fischer & Simon Zhu, 2021, "Inflation Expectations and Risk Premia in Emerging Bond Markets: Evidence from Mexico," Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 961, Mar.
• Haoyang Liu & Zhaogang Song & James Vickery, 2021, "Defragmenting Markets: Evidence from Agency MBS," Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 965, May.
• Gianluca Benigno & Pierpaolo Benigno, 2021, "Interest, Reserves, and Prices," Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 971, Jun.
• Antoine Martin & Susan McLaughlin, 2021, "COVID Response: The Primary Dealer Credit Facility," Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 981, Sep.
• David M. Arseneau & José Fillat & Molly Mahar & Donald P. Morgan & Skander J. Van den Heuvel, 2021, "COVID Response: The Main Street Lending Program," Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 984, Sep.
• Benjamin Lester & David A. Rivers & Giorgio Topa, 2021, "The Heterogeneous Impact of Referrals on Labor Market Outcomes," Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, number 987, Oct.
• Haoyang Liu & Zhaogang Song & James Vickery, 2021, "Defragmenting Markets: Evidence from Agency MBS," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, number 21-25, Jun, DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2021.25.
• Allen N. Berger & Onesime Epouhe & Raluca Roman, 2021, "A Tale of Two Bailouts: Effects of TARP and PPP on Subprime Consumer Debt," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, number 21-32, Sep, DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2021.32.
• Benjamin Lester & David A. Rivers & Giorgio Topa, 2021, "The Heterogeneous Impact of Referrals on Labor Market Outcomes," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, number 21-34, Oct, DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2021.34.
• Todd Keister & Daniel R. Sanches, 2021, "Should Central Banks Issue Digital Currency?," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, number 21-37, Nov, DOI: 10.21799/frbp.wp.2021.37.
• Huberto M. Ennis & Elizabeth C. Klee, 2021, "The Fed's Discount Window in "Normal" Times," Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, number 21-01, Jan.
• Hakan Yilmazkuday, 2021, "COVID-19 and Monetary Policy with Zero Bounds: A Cross-Country Investigation," Working Papers, Florida International University, Department of Economics, number 2112, May.
• Jan Lutynski, 2021, "Comparative analysis of quantitative easing and money-financed fiscal stimulus," GRAPE Working Papers, GRAPE Group for Research in Applied Economics, number 63.
• Vyacheslav Yu. Dodonov, 2021, "Devaluation’s Impact on the Formation of Kazakhstan Government Budget: The Factor of the National Fund Investment Income," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 3, pages 116-131, June, DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2021-3-116-131.
• Cristina-Georgiana Zeldea & Mihai Nițoi, 2021, "Macroprudential tools, credit growth and financial stability: Lessons from Central and Eastern European countries," Journal of Financial Studies, Institute of Financial Studies, volume 11, issue 6, pages 156-178, December.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Trunin Pavel & Deryugin Alexander & Zubov Sergey & Polushkina Anna & Kovalenko Alexei & Polushkina Elena, 2021, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-economic Development," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development (In Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 21, pages 1-19, December.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Trunin Pavel & Deryugin Alexander & Zubov Sergey & Polushkina Anna & Kovalenko Alexei & Polushkina Elena, 2021, "Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-economic Development," Monitoring of Russia's Economic Outlook. Trends and Challenges of Socio-Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 21, pages 1-18, December.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Trunin Pavel, 2021, "Monetary Policy in in Russia in 2020," Published Papers, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, number ppaper-2021-1117, revised 2021.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Banking Sector’s Financial Performance in January-July 2021: Profit Growth
  [Финансовые Результаты Банковского Сектора В Январе-Июле 2021 Г.: Увеличение Прибыли]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 9, pages 49-52, September.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Knobel Alexander & Trunin Pavel, 2021, "Balance of Payments in Q3 2021
  [Платежный Баланс В Третьем Квартале 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 10, pages 4-8, October.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Retail Lending, January through August 2021: Record-High Growth in the Market’s History
  [Кредитование Физических Лиц В Январе-Августе 2021 Г.: Рекордный Рост В Истории Рынка]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 10, pages 27-30, October.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Corporate Lending, January through August 2021
  [Корпоративное Кредитование В Январе-Августе 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 10, pages 31-34, October.
• Goryunov Eugeny, 2021, "Long-term Challenges for the Monetary Policy in Russia: Climate Change, Demographics and Digital Rouble Adoption
  [Долгосрочные Вызовы Для Российской Монетарной Политики: Климатические Изменения, Демография И Введение Цифрового Рубля]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 11, pages 9-13, November.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Retail Deposits in January-August 2021
  [Депозиты Населения В Январе-Августе 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 11, pages 62-65, November.
• Shilov Kirill & Zubarev Andrey, 2021, "Profitability and Efficiency of Russian Banks after Global Crisis
  [Прибыльность И Эффективность Российских Банков После Глобального Кризиса]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 11, pages 66-75, November.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Financial Performance of the Banking Sector for the Three Quarters of 2021
  [Финансовые Результаты Банковского Сектора За Первые Три Квартала 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 12, pages 50-53, December.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Trunin Pavel, 2021, "Balance of Payments in Q1 2021
  [Платежный Баланс В Первом Квартале 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 5, pages 4-8, May.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Financial Results of the Banking Sector in Q1 2021
  [Финансовые Результаты Банковского Сектора В Первом Квартале 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 5, pages 32-35, May.
• Sinelnikova-Muryleva Elena, 2021, "Digital Ruble: Risks and Benefits
  [Цифровой Рубль: Риски И Выгоды]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 5, pages 36-39, May.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Corporate Lending in January-April 2021
  [Корпоративное Кредитование В Январе-Апреле 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 6, pages 31-34, June.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Retail Lending in January-April 2021: Growth of Debt Burden Indicator
  [Кредитование Физических Лиц В Январе-Апреле 2021 Г.: Рост Показателя Долговой Нагрузки]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 6, pages 35-38, June.
• Morgunov Vyacheslav, 2021, "Management of the Short-Term Interest Rate of the Money Market by the Bank of Russia and Interaction of the Monetary Authorities
  [Управление Краткосрочной Процентной Ставкой Денежного Рынка Банком России И Взаимодействие Денежных Властей]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 7, pages 15-21, July.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Mortgage Lending in January-May 2021: Upside Risk of the Real Estate Market
  [Ипотечное Кредитование В Январе-Мае 2021 Г.: Риск Перегрева Рынка Недвижимости]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 7, pages 32-35, July.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Knobel Alexander & Trunin Pavel, 2021, "Balance of Payments in Q2 2021
  [Платежный Баланс Во Втором Квартале 2021 Г]," Russian Economic Development, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 8, pages 4-8, August.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Финансовые Результаты Банковского Сектора В Январе-Июле 2021 Г.: Увеличение Прибыли," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 9, pages 49-52, September.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Knobel Alexander & Trunin Pavel, 2021, "Платежный Баланс В Третьем Квартале 2021 Г," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 10, pages 4-8, October.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Кредитование Физических Лиц В Январе-Августе 2021 Г.: Рекордный Рост В Истории Рынка," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 10, pages 27-30, October.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Корпоративное Кредитование В Январе-Августе 2021 Г," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 10, pages 31-34, October.
• Goryunov Eugeny, 2021, "Долгосрочные Вызовы Для Российской Монетарной Политики: Климатические Изменения, Демография И Введение Цифрового Рубля," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 11, pages 9-13, November.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Депозиты Населения В Январе-Августе 2021 Г," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 11, pages 62-65, November.
• Shilov Kirill & Zubarev Andrey, 2021, "Прибыльность И Эффективность Российских Банков После Глобального Кризиса," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 11, pages 66-75, November.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Финансовые Результаты Банковского Сектора За Первые Три Квартала 2021 Г," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 12, pages 50-53, December.
• Bozhechkova Alexandra & Trunin Pavel, 2021, "Платежный Баланс В Первом Квартале 2021 Г," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 5, pages 4-8, May.
• Zubov Sergey, 2021, "Финансовые Результаты Банковского Сектора В Первом Квартале 2021 Г," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 5, pages 32-35, May.
• Sinelnikova-Muryleva Elena, 2021, "Цифровой Рубль: Риски И Выгоды," Russian Economic Development (in Russian), Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 5, pages 36-39, May.