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A theory on the role of wholesalers in international trade based on economies of scope

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  • Anders Akerman

Abstract

This paper offers a theoretical foundation for the existence of wholesalers and other intermediaries in international trade and analyzes their role in an economy with heterogeneous manufacturing firms and fixed costs of exporting. Wholesalers are assumed to possess a technology such that they can buy manufacturing goods domestically and sell in foreign markets and they can, unlike manufacturers, export more than one good. A wholesaler therefore faces an additional fixed cost, which increases in the number of goods it handles. The presence of wholesale firms leads to productivity sorting. The most productive firms export on their own by paying a fixed cost, but a range of firms with intermediate productivity levels export through international wholesalers. A higher fixed cost of exporting to a destination means that wholesalers handle: (i) a higher share of total export volumes to this destination and (ii) a higher share of the exported product scope (i.e., the number of exported products) to this destination. A higher fixed cost of exporting gives wholesalers a larger role, since these can spread the fixed cost across more than one good. The wholesale technology therefore exhibits economies of scope. An empirical analysis using Swedish firm‐level data supports the main assumption and predictions of the model. Une théorie du rôle des grossistes dans le commerce international fondée sur les économies de portée. Ce texte offre un fondement théorique pour l’existence des grossistes et d’autres intermédiaires dans le commerce international, et analyse leur rôle dans une économie riche de firmes manufacturières hétérogènes face à des coûts d’exportation fixes. Les grossistes sont censés posséder une technologie telle qu’ils peuvent acheter des biens manufacturiers dans une économie nationale et les vendre à l’étranger, et peuvent, ce qui n’est pas nécessairement le cas pour les manufacturiers, exporter plus qu’un bien. Un grossiste fait donc face à un coût fixe additionnel à proportion que le nombre de biens dont on s’occupe s’accroît. La présence des firmes grossistes mène à un départage des producteurs selon leur productivité. Les producteurs les plus productifs s’occupent eux‐mêmes de leurs exportations en déboursant un coût fixe, mais un éventail de producteurs à productivité intermédiaire va exporter par le truchement de grossistes internationaux. Un coût fixe plus élevé de l’exportation vers une destination donnée veut dire que les grossistes s’occupent (i) d’une portion plus grande du volume total des exportations vers cette destination, et (ii) d’une portion plus grande de la portée de produits exportés (i.e., du nombre de produits exportés) vers cette destination. Un coût fixe plus élevé de l’exportation donne aux grossistes un rôle plus important puisqu’ils peuvent étaler ce coût fixe sur plus qu’un produit. La technologie du commerce en gros bénéficie donc d’économies de portée. Une analyse empirique utilisant des données suédoises au niveau de la firme confirme le postulat de base de ce modèle et ses prédictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Anders Akerman, 2018. "A theory on the role of wholesalers in international trade based on economies of scope," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 51(1), pages 156-185, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:51:y:2018:i:1:p:156-185
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12319
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    JEL classification:

    • D21 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Firm Behavior: Theory

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