IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/agribz/v41y2025i2p307-341.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Unraveling Turkish agricultural market challenges: Consequences of COVID‐19, Russia–Ukraine conflict, and energy market dynamics

Author

Listed:
  • Faruk Urak

Abstract

For a significant global segment, the volatility in grain prices presents a substantial menace to food accessibility and security. In the global pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict (RUW), numerous nations were caught off guard, exacerbating this predicament and leading to instances where citizens faced purchasing restrictions on sunflower oil. This study employs the VAR (1)‐Asymmetric BEKK‐Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) (1,1) model to assess the extent of risks stemming from the pandemic and RUW in critical Turkish agricultural commodity markets: namely, wheat, barley, corn, and sunflower oil. The analysis reveals that the conditional variances of their return series are positively influenced by short‐ and long‐term uncertainties. With the escalations in the global oil market, the enduring hazards within these selected markets in Türkiye have intensified concurrently. The COVID‐19 pandemic has induced a decrease in long‐term uncertainty within wheat and barley markets, wherein noteworthy spillover risks in the barley, corn, and sunflower oil markets have exacerbated risks in the corn market. Empirical findings imply that COVID‐19 and RUW disrupt the agricultural supply chain, leading to impediments in food provisioning and security. The outcomes provide valuable insights to fortify policies, guarantee consistent access to plant‐based protein, and address nutritional insecurity within the nation. These policy measures align with the initiatives undertaken by the United Nations and Türkiye, which actively engage in establishing a grain corridor to facilitate Ukraine's grain exports, thereby ensuring food security and safeguarding agricultural lands. [EconLit Citations: A1, E3, G1, Q0, Q1, Q2, Q4].

Suggested Citation

  • Faruk Urak, 2025. "Unraveling Turkish agricultural market challenges: Consequences of COVID‐19, Russia–Ukraine conflict, and energy market dynamics," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(2), pages 307-341, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:agribz:v:41:y:2025:i:2:p:307-341
    DOI: 10.1002/agr.21888
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21888
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/agr.21888?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cornelis Gardebroek & Manuel A. Hernandez & Miguel Robles, 2016. "Market interdependence and volatility transmission among major crops," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 47(2), pages 141-155, March.
    2. Saâdaoui, Foued & Ben Jabeur, Sami & Goodell, John W., 2022. "Causality of geopolitical risk on food prices: Considering the Russo–Ukrainian conflict," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    3. Engle, Robert F. & Kroner, Kenneth F., 1995. "Multivariate Simultaneous Generalized ARCH," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 11(1), pages 122-150, February.
    4. Boungou, Whelsy & Yatié, Alhonita, 2022. "The impact of the Ukraine–Russia war on world stock market returns," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    5. Ore Koren & Benjamin E Bagozzi & Thomas S Benson, 2021. "Food and water insecurity as causes of social unrest: Evidence from geolocated Twitter data," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 58(1), pages 67-82, January.
    6. Sun, Yunpeng & Gao, Pengpeng & Raza, Syed Ali & Shah, Nida & Sharif, Arshian, 2023. "The asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on the world food prices: Fresh evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    7. Anthony N. Rezitis, 2018. "Empirical analysis of price relations along the Finnish supply chain of selected meat, dairy, and egg products: A dynamic panel data approach," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(3), pages 542-561, June.
    8. Alanoud Al-Maadid & Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Fabio Spagnolo & Nicola Spagnolo, 2017. "Spillovers between food and energy prices and structural breaks," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 150, pages 1-18.
    9. Soosung Hwang & Pedro L. Valls Pereira, 2006. "Small sample properties of GARCH estimates and persistence," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(6-7), pages 473-494.
    10. Trujillo-Barrera, Andres & Mallory, Mindy L. & Garcia, Philip, 2012. "Volatility Spillovers in U.S. Crude Oil, Ethanol, and Corn Futures Markets," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 37(2), pages 1-16, August.
    11. Saghaian, Sayed & Nemati, Mehdi & Walters, Cory & Chen, Bo, 2018. "Asymmetric Price Volatility Transmission between U.S. Biofuel, Corn, and Oil Markets," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 43(01), January.
    12. Zhang, Dayong & Hu, Min & Ji, Qiang, 2020. "Financial markets under the global pandemic of COVID-19," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    13. Kevin B. Grier & Ólan T. Henry & Nilss Olekalns & Kalvinder Shields, 2004. "The asymmetric effects of uncertainty on inflation and output growth," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(5), pages 551-565.
    14. Muhammad Arshad Khan & Ayaz Ahmed, 2014. "Revisiting the macroeconomic effects of oil and food price shocks to Pakistan economy: a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) analysis," OPEC Energy Review, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, vol. 38(2), pages 184-215, June.
    15. Mohamed Behnassi & Mahjoub El Haiba, 2022. "Implications of the Russia–Ukraine war for global food security," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 6(6), pages 754-755, June.
    16. Rahman, Sajjadur & Serletis, Apostolos, 2012. "Oil price uncertainty and the Canadian economy: Evidence from a VARMA, GARCH-in-Mean, asymmetric BEKK model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 603-610.
    17. Fatima Ezzahra Mengoub & Uri Dadush & Abdelaaziz Ait Ali & Isabelle Tsakok, 2022. "The Russia-Ukraine War and Food Security in Morocco," Policy briefs on Economic Trends and Policies 2218, Policy Center for the New South.
    18. Zaghum Umar & Mariya Gubareva & Muhammad Naeem & Ayesha Akhter, 2021. "Return and volatility transmission between oil price shocks and agricultural commodities," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, February.
    19. repec:ocp:rpaeco:pb_34-22 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. Petra Hellegers, 2022. "Food security vulnerability due to trade dependencies on Russia and Ukraine," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 14(6), pages 1503-1510, December.
    21. Walters, Cory, 2018. "Price Volatility Transmission between U.S. Biofuel, Corn, and Oil Markets," Cornhusker Economics 307037, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    22. Goodell, John W. & Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, 2020. "Did Congress trade ahead? Considering the reaction of US industries to COVID-19," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    23. Umar, Zaghum & Polat, Onur & Choi, Sun-Yong & Teplova, Tamara, 2022. "The impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the connectedness of financial markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    24. Schell, Daniel & Wang, Mei & Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, 2020. "This time is indeed different: A study on global market reactions to public health crisis," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    25. repec:oup:ecpoli:v:29:y:2014:i:80:p:691-747 is not listed on IDEAS
    26. Sun, Yanpeng & Mirza, Nawazish & Qadeer, Abdul & Hsueh, Hsin-Pei, 2021. "Connectedness between oil and agricultural commodity prices during tranquil and volatile period. Is crude oil a victim indeed?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    27. Jean Pisani-Ferry & Olivier Blanchard, 2022. "Fiscal support and monetary vigilance- economic policy implications of the Russia-Ukraine war for the European Union," Bruegel Policy Contributions 48241, Bruegel.
    28. Saskia Osendarp & Gerda Verburg & Zulfiqar Bhutta & Robert E. Black & Saskia de Pee & Cecilia Fabrizio & Derek Headey & Rebecca Heidkamp & David Laborde & Marie T. Ruel, 2022. "Act now before Ukraine war plunges millions into malnutrition," Nature, Nature, vol. 604(7907), pages 620-624, April.
    29. Manel Youssef & Khaled Mokni, 2021. "On the Nonlinear Impact of Oil Price Shocks on the World Food Prices Under Different Markets Conditions," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 73-95, January.
    30. Boubaker, Sabri & Goodell, John W. & Pandey, Dharen Kumar & Kumari, Vineeta, 2022. "Heterogeneous impacts of wars on global equity markets: Evidence from the invasion of Ukraine," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
    31. Christiane Baumeister & Lutz Kilian, 2014. "Do oil price increases cause higher food prices? [Biofuels, binding constraints, and agricultural commodity price volatility]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 29(80), pages 691-747.
    32. Lin, Faqin & Li, Xuecao & Jia, Ningyuan & Feng, Fan & Huang, Hai & Huang, Jianxi & Fan, Shenggen & Ciais, Philippe & Song, Xiao Peng, 2023. "The impact of Russia-Ukraine conflict on global food security," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 117700, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    33. Amer Ait Sidhoum & Teresa Serra, 2016. "Volatility Spillovers in the Spanish Food Marketing Chain: The Case of Tomato," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 45-63, January.
    34. Marwa Ben Abdallah & Maria Fekete Farkas & Zoltan Lakner, 2020. "Analysis of meat price volatility and volatility spillovers in Finland," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 66(2), pages 84-91.
    35. repec:ocp:rpaagr:pb_34-22 is not listed on IDEAS
    36. Farid, Saqib & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Paltrinieri, Andrea & Nepal, Rabindra, 2022. "Impact of COVID-19 on the quantile connectedness between energy, metals and agriculture commodities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    37. Si, Deng-Kui & Li, Xiao-Lin & Xu, XuChuan & Fang, Yi, 2021. "The risk spillover effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy sector: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    38. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Hernandez, Jose Arreola & Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed & Jammazi, Rania, 2018. "Asymmetric risk spillovers between oil and agricultural commodities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 182-198.
    39. Serra, Teresa & Zilberman, David, 2013. "Biofuel-related price transmission literature: A review," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 141-151.
    40. Han, Liyan & Jin, Jiayu & Wu, Lei & Zeng, Hongchao, 2020. "The volatility linkage between energy and agricultural futures markets with external shocks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    41. Faruk Urak & Abdulbaki Bilgic & Gürkan Bozma & Wojciech J. Florkowski & Erkan Efekan, 2022. "Volatility in Live Calf, Live Sheep, and Feed Wheat Return Markets: A Threat to Food Price Stability in Turkey," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-24, April.
    42. Wang, Sun Ling & McPhail, Lihong, 2014. "Impacts of energy shocks on US agricultural productivity growth and commodity prices—A structural VAR analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 435-444.
    43. Beckmann, Joscha & Czudaj, Robert, 2014. "Volatility transmission in agricultural futures markets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 541-546.
    44. repec:ocp:rpcoen:pb_34-22 is not listed on IDEAS
    45. Cheng, Sheng & Cao, Yan, 2019. "On the relation between global food and crude oil prices: An empirical investigation in a nonlinear framework," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 422-432.
    46. Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Rasoulinezhad, Ehsan & Yoshino, Naoyuki, 2019. "Energy and Food Security: Linkages through Price Volatility," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 796-806.
    47. Hung, Ngo Thai, 2021. "Oil prices and agricultural commodity markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    48. repec:bla:ecpoli:v:29:y:2014:i:80:p:691-747 is not listed on IDEAS
    49. López Cabrera, Brenda & Schulz, Franziska, 2016. "Volatility linkages between energy and agricultural commodity prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 190-203.
    50. Noh, Jaesun, 1997. "Small sample properties of GARCH(1,1) estimator under non-normality," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(2), pages 161-164, August.
    51. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Quantile risk spillovers between energy and agricultural commodity markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    52. Stavros Kalogiannidis & Fotios Chatzitheodoridis & Dimitrios Kalfas & Stamatis Kontsas & Ermelinda Toska, 2022. "The Economic Impact of Russia s Ukraine Conflict on the EU Fuel Markets," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(6), pages 37-49, November.
    53. repec:ocp:ppaper:pb34-22 is not listed on IDEAS
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhuo Chen & Bo Yan & Hanwen Kang, 2022. "Dynamic correlation between crude oil and agricultural futures markets," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(3), pages 1798-1849, August.
    2. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Quantile risk spillovers between energy and agricultural commodity markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    3. Cao, Yan & Cheng, Sheng, 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on multi-scale asymmetric spillovers between food and oil prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    4. Vo, Long Hai & Le, Thai-Ha, 2021. "Eatery, energy, environment and economic system, 1970–2017: Understanding volatility spillover patterns in a global sample," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    5. An, Henry & Qiu, Feng & Rude, James, 2021. "Volatility spillovers between food and fuel markets: Do administrative regulations affect the transmission?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    6. Yaoxun Deng & Guobin Fang & Jun Zhang & Huimin Ma, 2024. "Dynamic Connectedness Among Oil, Food Commodity, and Renewable Energy Markets: Novel Perspective from Quantile Dependence and Deep Learning," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(3), pages 9935-9974, September.
    7. Zhu, Yanli & Yang, Xian & Zhang, Chuanhai & Liu, Sihan & Li, Jiayi, 2024. "Asymmetric multi-scale systemic risk spillovers across international commodity futures markets: The role of infectious disease uncertainty," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    8. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham, 2023. "Higher-order moment risk connectedness and optimal investment strategies between international oil and commodity futures markets: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    9. Anthony N. Rezitis & Panagiotis Andrikopoulos & Theodoros Daglis, 2024. "Assessing the asymmetric volatility linkages of energy and agricultural commodity futures during low and high volatility regimes," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(3), pages 451-483, March.
    10. Faruk Urak & Abdulbaki Bilgic & Gürkan Bozma & Wojciech J. Florkowski & Erkan Efekan, 2022. "Volatility in Live Calf, Live Sheep, and Feed Wheat Return Markets: A Threat to Food Price Stability in Turkey," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-24, April.
    11. Yoon, Seong-Min, 2022. "On the interdependence between biofuel, fossil fuel and agricultural food prices: Evidence from quantile tests," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 536-545.
    12. Capitani, Daniel Henrique Dario & Gaio, Luiz Eduardo, 2023. "Volatility Transmissionin Agricultural Markets: Evidence from the Russia-Ukraine Conflict," International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Department of Economics and Finance, vol. 11(2), April.
    13. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Hasan, Mudassar & Lucey, Brian M. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "Nexus between oil shocks and agriculture commodities: Evidence from time and frequency domain," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    14. Mensi, Walid & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Gök, Remzi & Gemici, Eray & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2025. "Risk spillovers and diversification benefits between crude oil and agricultural commodity futures markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(PA).
    15. Shokoohi, Zeinab & Saghaian, Sayed, 2022. "Nexus of energy and food nutrition prices in oil importing and exporting countries: A panel VAR model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    16. repec:ags:aaea22:335748 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Ahmadian-Yazdi, Farzaneh & Roudari, Soheil & Omidi, Vahid & Mensi, Walid & Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed, 2024. "Contagion effect between fuel fossil energies and agricultural commodity markets and portfolio management implications," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    18. Aizenman, Joshua & Lindahl, Robert & Stenvall, David & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2024. "Geopolitical shocks and commodity market dynamics: New evidence from the Russia-Ukraine conflict," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    19. Karel Janda & Ladislav Kristoufek, 2019. "The Relationship Between Fuel and Food Prices: Methods, Outcomes, and Lessons for Commodity Price Risk Management," CAMA Working Papers 2019-20, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    20. Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Khalid, Ali Awais & Sana, Moniba, 2023. "Conflict vs sustainability of global energy, agricultural and metal markets: A lesson from Ukraine-Russia war," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    21. Hasanov, Akram Shavkatovich & Do, Hung Xuan & Shaiban, Mohammed Sharaf, 2016. "Fossil fuel price uncertainty and feedstock edible oil prices: Evidence from MGARCH-M and VIRF analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 16-27.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:agribz:v:41:y:2025:i:2:p:307-341. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6297 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.