IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v112y2022ics0140988322003036.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Nexus between oil shocks and agriculture commodities: Evidence from time and frequency domain

Author

Listed:
  • Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr
  • Karim, Sitara
  • Hasan, Mudassar
  • Lucey, Brian M.
  • Kang, Sang Hoon

Abstract

Oil shocks demonstrate an effective economic event in the face of several unprecedented financial challenges. The current study endeavors to investigate the nexus between oil shocks and agriculture commodities with portfolio implications. Building on the novel techniques of time- and frequency spillovers and portfolio analysis, we unlocked the potential connectedness networks as well as diversification and trading strategies for investors and portfolio managers. Our findings document strong intra and weaker inter-connectedness between oil shocks and agriculture commodities with greater time-varying spillovers in the short- and long-run. We framed valuable intuitions for policymakers, macro-prudential authorities, investors, and portfolio managers.

Suggested Citation

  • Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Hasan, Mudassar & Lucey, Brian M. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "Nexus between oil shocks and agriculture commodities: Evidence from time and frequency domain," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:112:y:2022:i:c:s0140988322003036
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106148
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988322003036
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106148?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bataa, Erdenebat & Park, Cheolbeom, 2017. "Is the recent low oil price attributable to the shale revolution?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 72-82.
    2. Bouri, Elie & Cepni, Oguzhan & Gabauer, David & Gupta, Rangan, 2021. "Return connectedness across asset classes around the COVID-19 outbreak," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    3. Peersman, Gert & Rüth, Sebastian K. & Van der Veken, Wouter, 2021. "The interplay between oil and food commodity prices: Has it changed over time?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    4. Hasan, Mudassar & Arif, Muhammad & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Ngo, Quang-Thanh & Taghizadeh–Hesary, Farhad, 2021. "Time-frequency connectedness between Asian electricity sectors," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 208-224.
    5. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Cunado, Juncal & Filis, George & Gabauer, David & Perez de Gracia, Fernando, 2018. "Oil volatility, oil and gas firms and portfolio diversification," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 499-515.
    6. Francis X. Diebold & Kamil Yilmaz, 2009. "Measuring Financial Asset Return and Volatility Spillovers, with Application to Global Equity Markets," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(534), pages 158-171, January.
    7. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    8. Hau, Liya & Zhu, Huiming & Huang, Rui & Ma, Xiang, 2020. "Heterogeneous dependence between crude oil price volatility and China’s agriculture commodity futures: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    9. Muhammad Abubakr Naeem & Sitara Karim & Tooraj Jamasb & Rabindra Nepal, 2022. "Risk transmission between green markets and commodities," CAMA Working Papers 2022-18, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    10. Christiane Baumeister & Lutz Kilian, 2014. "Do oil price increases cause higher food prices? [Biofuels, binding constraints, and agricultural commodity price volatility]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 29(80), pages 691-747.
    11. Adrian Blundell-Wignall, 2012. "Solving the Financial and Sovereign Debt Crisis in Europe," OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, OECD Publishing, vol. 2011(2), pages 201-224.
    12. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Karikari, Nana Kwasi & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2022. "Time-varying dependence dynamics between international commodity prices and Australian industry stock returns: a Perspective for portfolio diversification," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    13. Alanoud Al-Maadid & Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Fabio Spagnolo & Nicola Spagnolo, 2017. "Spillovers between food and energy prices and structural breaks," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 150, pages 1-18.
    14. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Hernandez, Jose Arreola & Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed & Jammazi, Rania, 2018. "Asymmetric risk spillovers between oil and agricultural commodities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 182-198.
    15. Chris Brooks & Marcel Prokopczuk, 2013. "The dynamics of commodity prices," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(4), pages 527-542, March.
    16. Fowowe, Babajide, 2016. "Do oil prices drive agricultural commodity prices? Evidence from South Africa," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 149-157.
    17. Nazlioglu, Saban & Erdem, Cumhur & Soytas, Ugur, 2013. "Volatility spillover between oil and agricultural commodity markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 658-665.
    18. David Bourghelle & Fredj Jawadi & Philippe Rozin, 2021. "Oil price volatility in the context of Covid-19," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 167, pages 39-49.
    19. Pal, Debdatta & Mitra, Subrata K., 2017. "Time-frequency contained co-movement of crude oil and world food prices: A wavelet-based analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 230-239.
    20. Craig Sugden, 2009. "Responding to High Commodity Prices," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, The Crawford School, The Australian National University, vol. 23(1), pages 79-105, May.
    21. Yip, Pick Schen & Brooks, Robert & Do, Hung Xuan & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2020. "Dynamic volatility spillover effects between oil and agricultural products," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    22. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Pham, Linh & Senthilkumar, Arunachalam & Karim, Sitara, 2022. "Oil shocks and BRIC markets: Evidence from extreme quantile approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    23. Umar, Zaghum & Gubareva, Mariya & Teplova, Tamara, 2021. "The impact of Covid-19 on commodity markets volatility: Analyzing time-frequency relations between commodity prices and coronavirus panic levels," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    24. Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Time-frequency comovement among green bonds, stocks, commodities, clean energy, and conventional bonds," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    25. James D. Hamilton, 2009. "Understanding Crude Oil Prices," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 2), pages 179-206.
    26. Wang, Yudong & Wu, Chongfeng & Yang, Li, 2014. "Oil price shocks and agricultural commodity prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 22-35.
    27. Debdatta Pal & Subrata Kumar Mitra, 2020. "Time-frequency dynamics of return spillover from crude oil to agricultural commodities," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(49), pages 5426-5445, October.
    28. Doran, James S. & Ronn, Ehud I., 2008. "Computing the market price of volatility risk in the energy commodity markets," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(12), pages 2541-2552, December.
    29. Serra, Teresa, 2011. "Volatility spillovers between food and energy markets: A semiparametric approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 1155-1164.
    30. Gatfaoui, Hayette, 2019. "Diversifying portfolios of U.S. stocks with crude oil and natural gas: A regime-dependent optimization with several risk measures," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 132-152.
    31. Hung, Ngo Thai, 2021. "Oil prices and agricultural commodity markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    32. Xiao, Binqing & Yang, Ye & Peng, Xuerong & Fang, Libing, 2019. "Measuring the connectedness of European electricity markets using the network topology of variance decompositions," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 535(C).
    33. Ramazan Gencay & Nikola Gradojevic & Faruk Selcuk & Brandon Whitcher, 2010. "Asymmetry of information flow between volatilities across time scales," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(8), pages 895-915.
    34. Dahl, Roy Endré & Oglend, Atle & Yahya, Muhammad, 2020. "Dynamics of volatility spillover in commodity markets: Linking crude oil to agriculture," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    35. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    36. Yahya, Muhammad & Oglend, Atle & Dahl, Roy Endré, 2019. "Temporal and spectral dependence between crude oil and agricultural commodities: A wavelet-based copula approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 277-296.
    37. Zaghum Umar & Mariya Gubareva & Muhammad Naeem & Ayesha Akhter, 2021. "Return and volatility transmission between oil price shocks and agricultural commodities," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, February.
    38. López Cabrera, Brenda & Schulz, Franziska, 2016. "Volatility linkages between energy and agricultural commodity prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 190-203.
    39. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Nasreen, Samia & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2020. "Time-varying co-movements between energy market and global financial markets: Implication for portfolio diversification and hedging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    40. Lucotte, Yannick, 2016. "Co-movements between crude oil and food prices: A post-commodity boom perspective," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 142-147.
    41. Aurélien Leroy & Yannick Lucotte, 2016. "Co-movements between crude oil and food prices: A post-commodity boom perspective," Post-Print hal-03528419, HAL.
    42. Caporin, Massimiliano & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Arif, Muhammad & Hasan, Mudassar & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad, 2021. "Asymmetric and time-frequency spillovers among commodities using high-frequency data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    43. Pesaran, H. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 1998. "Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-29, January.
    44. Ji, Qiang & Bouri, Elie & Roubaud, David & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2018. "Risk spillover between energy and agricultural commodity markets: A dependence-switching CoVaR-copula model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 14-27.
    45. repec:oup:ecpoli:v:29:y:2014:i:80:p:691-747 is not listed on IDEAS
    46. Bredin, Don & Conlon, Thomas & Potì, Valerio, 2017. "The price of shelter - Downside risk reduction with precious metals," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 48-58.
    47. Basher, Syed Abul & Sadorsky, Perry, 2016. "Hedging emerging market stock prices with oil, gold, VIX, and bonds: A comparison between DCC, ADCC and GO-GARCH," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 235-247.
    48. Awartani, Basel & Aktham, Maghyereh & Cherif, Guermat, 2016. "The connectedness between crude oil and financial markets: Evidence from implied volatility indices," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 56-69.
    49. Balli, Faruk & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & de Bruin, Anne, 2019. "Spillover network of commodity uncertainties," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 914-927.
    50. Sharif, Arshian & Aloui, Chaker & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2020. "COVID-19 pandemic, oil prices, stock market, geopolitical risk and policy uncertainty nexus in the US economy: Fresh evidence from the wavelet-based approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    51. Adam, P. & Rianse, U. & Harafah, Ĺ. M. & Cahyono, E. & Rafiy, M., 2016. "A Model of the Dynamics of the Effect of World Crude Oil Price and World Rice Price on Indonesia’s Inflation Rate," AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management, vol. 8(1), pages 1-10, March.
    52. Maitra, Debasish & Guhathakurta, Kousik & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "The good, the bad and the ugly relation between oil and commodities: An analysis of asymmetric volatility connectedness and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    53. Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Sensoy, Ahmet & Sousa, Ricardo M. & Salah Uddin, Gazi, 2020. "U.S. equity and commodity futures markets: Hedging or financialization?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    54. Ji, Qiang & Liu, Bing-Yue & Zhao, Wan-Li & Fan, Ying, 2020. "Modelling dynamic dependence and risk spillover between all oil price shocks and stock market returns in the BRICS," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    55. Khaled Mokni & Manel Youssef, 2020. "Empirical analysis of the cross‐interdependence between crude oil and agricultural commodity markets," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(4), pages 635-654, October.
    56. Kang, Sang Hoon & McIver, Ron & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2017. "Dynamic spillover effects among crude oil, precious metal, and agricultural commodity futures markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 19-32.
    57. Chang, Ting-Huan & Su, Hsin-Mei, 2010. "The substitutive effect of biofuels on fossil fuels in the lower and higher crude oil price periods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 2807-2813.
    58. Thomas Conlon & Brian M. Lucey & Gazi Salah Uddin, 2018. "Is gold a hedge against inflation? A wavelet time-scale perspective," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 51(2), pages 317-345, August.
    59. Wang, Jian & Shao, Wei & Kim, Junseok, 2020. "Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the correlations between crude oil and agricultural futures," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    60. Wang, Yilin & Zhang, Zeming & Li, Xiafei & Chen, Xiaodan & Wei, Yu, 2020. "Dynamic return connectedness across global commodity futures markets: Evidence from time and frequency domains," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 542(C).
    61. Song-Zan Chiou-Wei, Sheng-Hung Chen, and Zhen Zhu, 2019. "Energy and Agricultural Commodity Markets Interaction: An Analysis of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Corn, Soybean, and Ethanol Prices," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 2).
    62. Rafiq, Shuddhasawtta & Salim, Ruhul & Bloch, Harry, 2009. "Impact of crude oil price volatility on economic activities: An empirical investigation in the Thai economy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 121-132, September.
    63. Roy, Saktinil & Kemme, David M., 2020. "The run-up to the global financial crisis: A longer historical view of financial liberalization, capital inflows, and asset bubbles," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    64. Maghyereh, Aktham I. & Awartani, Basel & Bouri, Elie, 2016. "The directional volatility connectedness between crude oil and equity markets: New evidence from implied volatility indexes," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 78-93.
    65. Nazlioglu, Saban & Soytas, Ugur, 2012. "Oil price, agricultural commodity prices, and the dollar: A panel cointegration and causality analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 1098-1104.
    66. Kang, Sang Hoon & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Albulescu, Claudiu Tiberiu & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2019. "Exploring the time-frequency connectedness and network among crude oil and agriculture commodities V1," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    67. Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M. & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2022. "Examining the interrelatedness of NFTs, DeFi tokens and cryptocurrencies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PB).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Balcilar, Mehmet & Gabauer, David & Umar, Zaghum, 2021. "Crude Oil futures contracts and commodity markets: New evidence from a TVP-VAR extended joint connectedness approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    2. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Quantile risk spillovers between energy and agricultural commodity markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    3. Cao, Yan & Cheng, Sheng, 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on multi-scale asymmetric spillovers between food and oil prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    4. Dahl, Roy Endré & Oglend, Atle & Yahya, Muhammad, 2020. "Dynamics of volatility spillover in commodity markets: Linking crude oil to agriculture," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 20(C).
    5. Farid, Saqib & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Paltrinieri, Andrea & Nepal, Rabindra, 2022. "Impact of COVID-19 on the quantile connectedness between energy, metals and agriculture commodities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    6. Maitra, Debasish & Guhathakurta, Kousik & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "The good, the bad and the ugly relation between oil and commodities: An analysis of asymmetric volatility connectedness and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    7. Zhou, Xiaoran & Enilov, Martin & Parhi, Mamata, 2024. "Does oil spin the commodity wheel? Quantile connectedness with a common factor error structure across energy and agricultural markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    8. Albulescu, Claudiu Tiberiu & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Ji, Qiang, 2020. "Copula-based local dependence among energy, agriculture and metal commodities markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    9. Claudiu Albulescu & Aviral Tiwari & Qiang Ji, 2020. "Copula-based local dependence between energy, agriculture and metal commodity markets," Papers 2003.04007, arXiv.org.
    10. Wei, Yu & Wang, Yizhi & Vigne, Samuel A. & Ma, Zhenyu, 2023. "Alarming contagion effects: The dangerous ripple effect of extreme price spillovers across crude oil, carbon emission allowance, and agriculture futures markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    11. Yip, Pick Schen & Brooks, Robert & Do, Hung Xuan & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2020. "Dynamic volatility spillover effects between oil and agricultural products," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    12. Caporin, Massimiliano & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Arif, Muhammad & Hasan, Mudassar & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad, 2021. "Asymmetric and time-frequency spillovers among commodities using high-frequency data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    13. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Hasan, Mudassar & Arif, Muhammad & Suleman, Muhammad Tahir & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2022. "Oil and gold as a hedge and safe-haven for metals and agricultural commodities with portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    14. Cheng, Natalie Fang Ling & Hasanov, Akram Shavkatovich & Poon, Wai Ching & Bouri, Elie, 2023. "The US-China trade war and the volatility linkages between energy and agricultural commodities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    15. Kang, Sang Hoon & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Albulescu, Claudiu Tiberiu & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2019. "Exploring the time-frequency connectedness and network among crude oil and agriculture commodities V1," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    16. Eissa, Mohamad Abdelaziz & Al Refai, Hisham, 2019. "Modelling the symmetric and asymmetric relationships between oil prices and those of corn, barley, and rapeseed oil," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    17. Shah, Adil Ahmad & Dar, Arif Billah, 2021. "Exploring diversification opportunities across commodities and financial markets: Evidence from time-frequency based spillovers," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    18. Hanif, Waqas & Areola Hernandez, Jose & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2021. "Tail dependence risk and spillovers between oil and food prices," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 195-209.
    19. Muhammad Abubakr Naeem & Saqib Farid & Safwan Mohd Nor & Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad, 2021. "Spillover and Drivers of Uncertainty among Oil and Commodity Markets," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-26, February.
    20. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Junttila, Juha, 2022. "Small fish in big ponds: Connections of green finance assets to commodity and sectoral stock markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:112:y:2022:i:c:s0140988322003036. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.