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Determinants of demand for private supplementary tutoring in China: findings from a national survey

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  • Junyan Liu
  • Mark Bray

Abstract

Private tutoring has expanded and intensified in China. However, no government statistical data or other empirical studies fully capture its extent and characteristics. This paper analyses private tutoring received by students in Grades 1–12 as indicated by a nationwide representative survey entitled China Family Panel Studies. The paper employs a Hurdle model to examine determinants of demand for tutoring, focusing on factors related to students and their parents. The first step is concerned with the decision to receive tutoring or not; and the second step explores factors influencing expenditures on tutoring among those who decide to receive it.

Suggested Citation

  • Junyan Liu & Mark Bray, 2017. "Determinants of demand for private supplementary tutoring in China: findings from a national survey," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 205-218, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:edecon:v:25:y:2017:i:2:p:205-218
    DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2016.1182623
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Lu, Wei & Zhou, Sen & Wei, Yi, 2022. "Government policies and unintended consequences: Rising demand for private supplementary tutoring in China," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    3. Pan, Zheng & Lien, Donald & Wang, Hao, 2022. "Peer effects and shadow education," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    4. Haiping Xue & Chenchen Fang & Jin Shi & Xiaoqing Hu & Fang Qian, 2023. "Can Preschool Out-of-Kindergarten Tutoring Improve Approaches to Learning for Children? Evidence from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012 to 2020," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-16, January.
    5. Obbey Elamin & Reham Rizk & John Adams, 2019. "Private tutoring and parents decision to work more: evidence from Egypt," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(2), pages 132-154, March.
    6. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark, 2025. "Parental heuristics and demand for private tutoring: continuities amidst changes brought by China’s double-reduction policy," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    7. Ankush Agrawal & Parul Gupta & Debasis Mondal, 2024. "Determinants of Private Tutoring Demand in Rural India," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 60(1), pages 83-107, January.
    8. Ali Fakih & Nathir Haimoun & Anastasia Sleiman, 2022. "What drives demand for private tutoring in the Middle East and North Africa region? Evidence from a Youth Survey," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 34(2), pages 268-279, June.
    9. Dan Liu & W. John Morgan & Xiaopeng Zhang & Wenfeng Wu, 2024. "Private Tutoring Before and After the “Double-Reduction†Policy in China: Choices and Rationale," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(2), pages 21582440241, May.
    10. Sun, Qiangqiang & Zhang, Ping & Jiang, Wanbei & Qu, Wei & Sun, Yanan & Sun, Danfeng, 2022. "Navigating local environment and scientific knowledge in dryland social-ecological systems through linking ecological policy-household interactions with land surface dynamics," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    11. Chang, Simon & Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. & Salamanca, Nicolás, 2022. "Parents’ responses to teacher qualifications," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 419-446.
    12. Bin Tang & Te-Tien Ting & Chyi-In Wu & Yue Ma & Di Mo & Wei-Ting Hung & Scott Rozelle, 2020. "The Impact of Online Computer Assisted Learning at Home for Disadvantaged Children in Taiwan: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-16, December.
    13. Lijia Guo & Jiashun Huang & You Zhang, 2019. "Education Development in China: Education Return, Quality, and Equity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-20, July.
    14. Mandikiana, Brian W., 2021. "Choice and expenditure: A double hurdle model of private tutoring in Qatar," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 1-15.
    15. Dai, Chaonuo & Zhou, Yuzhi, 2025. "Rank, peer achievement, and shadow education: Evidence from secondary school students in China," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).

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