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Which comes first - urbanization or economic growth? Evidence from heterogeneous panel causality tests

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  • Brantley Liddle
  • George Messinis

Abstract

Heterogeneous panel causality tests are employed to consider the relationship between urbanization change and economic growth. Urbanization causes economic growth in high-income countries, but noncausality could not be rejected for both middle-income and Latin American countries. A bi-directional, equilibrium relationship is observed for low-income, predominately African countries where economic growth has a positive, causal effect on urbanization, but where urbanization has a negative, causal effect on economic growth. Hence, urbanization and economic growth either co-evolve in low-income/African and high-income countries, or else the two processes are decoupled for middle-income and Latin American countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Brantley Liddle & George Messinis, 2015. "Which comes first - urbanization or economic growth? Evidence from heterogeneous panel causality tests," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(5), pages 349-355, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:apeclt:v:22:y:2015:i:5:p:349-355
    DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2014.943877
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    1. Do, Quynh Anh & Best, Rohan, 2025. "Effect of foreign direct investment inflows on urbanization in Vietnam: Does environmental regulation matter?," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    2. Yabo Zhao & Shaojian Wang, 2015. "The Relationship between Urbanization, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in China: An Econometric Perspective Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-19, May.
    3. Lin Li & Kaixu Zhao & Xinyu Wang & Sidong Zhao & Xingguang Liu & Weiwei Li, 2022. "Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Urbanization in Small Cities: Case Study from Guangxi," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-34, March.
    4. Maddah, Majid & Ghaffari Nejad, Amir Hossein & Sargolzaei, Mostafa, 2022. "Natural resources, political competition, and economic growth: An empirical evidence from dynamic panel threshold kink analysis in Iranian provinces," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    5. Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan & Husam Rjoub, 2020. "Relationship Among Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission, and Urbanization: Evidence From MINT Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, April.
    6. Yifan Wang & Zhongfu Yu & Yamin Hou, 2022. "The Effects of Environmental Regulation and Low-Carbon Logistics Capacity on the Level of New Urbanization in Six Central Provinces of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-20, October.
    7. Tarek Ghazouani, 2022. "The Effect of FDI Inflows, Urbanization, Industrialization, and Technological Innovation on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 13(4), pages 3265-3295, December.
    8. Cheng-Yih Hong & Yu-Shuang Yen & Tsai-Rong Lee, 2019. "The Spillover Effects of Investment, Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption: An Application Mathematical Dynamic Industry-Related Models Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(3), pages 313-319.
    9. Doğan, Buhari & Ferraz, Diogo & Gupta, Monika & Duc Huynh, Toan Luu & Shahzadi, Irum, 2022. "Exploring the effects of import diversification on energy efficiency: Evidence from the OECD economies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 639-650.
    10. Grekou, Carl & Owoundi, Ferdinand, 2020. "Understanding how foreign direct investment inflows impact urbanization in Africa," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 48-68.
    11. Rezwanul Hasan Rana & Khorshed Alam & Jeff Gow, 2020. "Health expenditure and gross domestic product: causality analysis by income level," International Journal of Health Economics and Management, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 55-77, March.
    12. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan & Gbenga Daniel Akinsola & Wing-Keung Wong & Husam Rjoub, 2021. "Sustainability of Energy-Induced Growth Nexus in Brazil: Do Carbon Emissions and Urbanization Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    13. Liddle, Brantley & Sadorsky, Perry, 2017. "How much does increasing non-fossil fuels in electricity generation reduce carbon dioxide emissions?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 212-221.
    14. Lars Sorge & Anne Neumann, 2019. "The Impact of Population, Affluence, Technology, and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions across Income Groups," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1812, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    15. Olabode E . OLABISI & Evan LAU, 2018. "Causality Testing between Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Fresh Evidence from Sub-Saharan African Countries," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 71(4), pages 437-464.
    16. Sarah Jacobs & Oladipo Olalekan David & Abigail Stiglingh-Van Wyk, 2023. "The Impact of Urbanization on Economic Growth in Gauteng Province, South Africa," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 1-11, March.
    17. Jha, Amit Prakash & Mahajan, Aarushi & Singh, Sanjay Kumar & Kumar, Piyush, 2022. "Renewable energy proliferation for sustainable development: Role of cross-border electricity trade," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 1189-1199.
    18. Feng Dong & Bolin Yu & Jixiong Zhang, 2018. "What Contributes to Regional Disparities of Energy Consumption in China? Evidence from Quantile Regression-Shapley Decomposition Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-26, May.
    19. Mohammed Musah & Yusheng Kong & Isaac Adjei Mensah & Stephen Kwadwo Antwi & Mary Donkor, 2021. "The connection between urbanization and carbon emissions: a panel evidence from West Africa," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(8), pages 11525-11552, August.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean
    • O55 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Africa

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