IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/sbusec/v55y2020i3d10.1007_s11187-019-00183-4.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effectuation and internationalisation: a review and agenda for future research

Author

Listed:
  • Masoud Karami

    (Queenstown Resort College (QRC))

  • Ben Wooliscroft

    (University of Otago)

  • Lisa McNeill

    (University of Otago)

Abstract

Effectuation theory has been increasingly applied in research examining the internationalisation of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study systematically reviews the SME internationalisation literature to clarify the ways effectuation theory helps international entrepreneurship (IE) scholarship respond to key questions of how international opportunities are developed. The review identified central topics of limited resources, networking, and an unplanned approach, which connect effectuation with extant internationalisation research. In so doing, the study offers two contributions. The first is an articulation of effectual mechanisms at work in IE opportunity development. The second offers insights back to effectuation theory regarding the context of IE and potential areas for improving the application of effectuation to IE research. We close with implications and an agenda for future research.

Suggested Citation

  • Masoud Karami & Ben Wooliscroft & Lisa McNeill, 2020. "Effectuation and internationalisation: a review and agenda for future research," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 777-811, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:55:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s11187-019-00183-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00183-4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11187-019-00183-4
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11187-019-00183-4?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Simon, Herbert A, 1993. "Altruism and Economics," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(2), pages 156-161, May.
    2. John A Mathews & Ivo Zander, 2007. "The international entrepreneurial dynamics of accelerated internationalisation," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(3), pages 387-403, May.
    3. Sharon A. Alvarez & Jay B. Barney & Philip Anderson, 2013. "Forming and Exploiting Opportunities: The Implications of Discovery and Creation Processes for Entrepreneurial and Organizational Research," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(1), pages 301-317, February.
    4. Yang, Zhilin & Wang, Xuehua & Su, Chenting, 2006. "A review of research methodologies in international business," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 601-617, December.
    5. Nowinski, Witold & Rialp, Alex, 2013. "Drivers and strategies of international new ventures from a Central European transition economy," Journal of East European Management Studies, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 18(2), pages 191-231.
    6. James Fiet & Alexandre Piskounov & Pankaj Patel, 2005. "Still Searching (Systematically) 1 for Entrepreneurial Discoveries," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 489-504, December.
    7. Jan Johanson & Jan-Erik Vahlne, 2009. "The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(9), pages 1411-1431, December.
    8. Yanto Chandra & Chris Styles & Ian Wilkinson, 2015. "Opportunity portfolio: Moving beyond single opportunity explanations in international entrepreneurship research," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 32(1), pages 199-228, March.
    9. Rainer Harms & Holger Schiele, 2012. "Antecedents and consequences of effectuation and causation in the international new venture creation process," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 95-116, June.
    10. Read, Stuart & Song, Michael & Smit, Willem, 2009. "A meta-analytic review of effectuation and venture performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(6), pages 573-587, November.
    11. Jan-Erik Vahlne & Jan Johanson, 2017. "From internationalization to evolution: The Uppsala model at 40 years," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(9), pages 1087-1102, December.
    12. Coviello, Nicole E. & McDougall, Patricia P. & Oviatt, Benjamin M., 2011. "The emergence, advance and future of international entrepreneurship research — An introduction to the special forum," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 625-631.
    13. Mark Casson & Nigel Wadeson, 2007. "The Discovery of Opportunities: Extending the Economic Theory of the Entrepreneur," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 28(4), pages 285-300, April.
    14. Philipp Koellinger, 2008. "Why are some entrepreneurs more innovative than others?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 31(1), pages 21-37, June.
    15. Editors The, 2008. "From the Editors," Basic Income Studies, De Gruyter, vol. 2(2), pages 1-3, January.
    16. Saras Sarasvathy & Nicholas Dew, 2005. "New market creation through transformation," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 15(5), pages 533-565, November.
    17. Natasha Evers & Colm O’Gorman, 2011. "Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(7-8), pages 549-574, September.
    18. Sarasvathy, Saras D. & Dew, Nicholas, 2005. "Entrepreneurial logics for a technology of foolishness," Scandinavian Journal of Management, Elsevier, vol. 21(4), pages 385-406, December.
    19. Philip M. Podsakoff & Scott B. MacKenzie & Daniel G. Bachrach & Nathan P. Podsakoff, 2005. "The influence of management journals in the 1980s and 1990s," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(5), pages 473-488, May.
    20. Brettel, Malte & Mauer, René & Engelen, Andreas & Küpper, Daniel, 2012. "Corporate effectuation: Entrepreneurial action and its impact on R&D project performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 167-184.
    21. Kalinic, Igor & Sarasvathy, Saras D. & Forza, Cipriano, 2014. "‘Expect the unexpected’: Implications of effectual logic on the internationalization process," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 635-647.
    22. Valery S. Katkalo & Christos N. Pitelis & David J. Teece, 2010. "Introduction: On the nature and scope of dynamic capabilities," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 19(4), pages 1175-1186, August.
    23. Jones, Marian V. & Coviello, Nicole & Tang, Yee Kwan, 2011. "International Entrepreneurship research (1989–2009): A domain ontology and thematic analysis," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 632-659.
    24. Roger Schweizer & Jan-Erik Vahlne & Jan Johanson, 2010. "Internationalization as an entrepreneurial process," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 8(4), pages 343-370, December.
    25. Chandler, Gaylen N. & DeTienne, Dawn R. & McKelvie, Alexander & Mumford, Troy V., 2011. "Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 375-390, May.
    26. Francisco Linan & Alain Fayolle, 2015. "A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions : citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda," Post-Print hal-02313298, HAL.
    27. Tamara Galkina & Sylvie Chetty, 2015. "Effectuation and Networking of Internationalizing SMEs," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 55(5), pages 647-676, October.
    28. Ari Jantunen & Kaisu Puumalainen & Sami Saarenketo & Kalevi Kyläheiko, 2005. "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Dynamic Capabilities and International Performance," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 3(3), pages 223-243, September.
    29. Gruber, Marc, 2007. "Uncovering the value of planning in new venture creation: A process and contingency perspective," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 782-807, November.
    30. Werhahn, Dorothea & Mauer, René & Flatten, Tessa C. & Brettel, Malte, 2015. "Validating effectual orientation as strategic direction in the corporate context," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 305-313.
    31. Jeffrey G. Covin & Danny Miller, 2014. "International Entrepreneurial Orientation: Conceptual Considerations, Research Themes, Measurement Issues, and Future Research Directions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 38(1), pages 11-44, January.
    32. Bamiatzi, Vassiliki & Cavusgil, Salih Tamer & Jabbour, Liza & Sinkovics, Rudolf R., 2014. "Does business group affiliation help firms achieve superior performance during industrial downturns? An empirical examination," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 195-211.
    33. Martina Musteen & Deepak K. Datta & Marcus M. Butts, 2014. "Do International Networks and Foreign Market Knowledge Facilitate SME Internationalization? Evidence from the Czech Republic," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 38(4), pages 749-774, July.
    34. Niina Nummela & Sami Saarenketo & Päivi Jokela & Sharon Loane, 2014. "Strategic Decision-Making of a Born Global: A Comparative Study From Three Small Open Economies," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 54(4), pages 527-550, August.
    35. Justin Paul & Gabriel R. G. Benito, 2018. "A review of research on outward foreign direct investment from emerging countries, including China: what do we know, how do we know and where should we be heading?," Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1), pages 90-115, January.
    36. Francisco Liñán & José Fernandez-Serrano, 2014. "National culture, entrepreneurship and economic development: different patterns across the European Union," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 685-701, April.
    37. Saras Sarasvathy & Anil Menon & Graciela Kuechle, 2013. "Failing firms and successful entrepreneurs: serial entrepreneurship as a temporal portfolio," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 40(2), pages 417-434, February.
    38. G Tomas M Hult & David J Ketchen & David A Griffith & Brian R Chabowski & Mary K Hamman & Bernadine Johnson Dykes & Wesley A Pollitte & S Tamer Cavusgil, 2008. "An assessment of the measurement of performance in international business research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(6), pages 1064-1080, September.
    39. Patrick J. Murphy, 2011. "A 2 × 2 Conceptual Foundation for Entrepreneurial Discovery Theory," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(2), pages 359-374, March.
    40. Dew, Nicholas & Read, Stuart & Sarasvathy, Saras D. & Wiltbank, Robert, 2009. "Effectual versus predictive logics in entrepreneurial decision-making: Differences between experts and novices," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 287-309, July.
    41. Ciszewska-Mlinaric, Mariola & Obloj, Krzysztof & Wasowska, Aleksandra, 2016. "Effectuation and causation: Two decision-making logics of INVs at the early stage of growth and internationalisation," Journal of East European Management Studies, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 21(3), pages 275-297.
    42. Jonas Gabrielsson & Diamanto Politis, 2011. "Career motives and entrepreneurial decision-making: examining preferences for causal and effectual logics in the early stage of new ventures," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 281-298, April.
    43. Tuija Mainela & Vesa Puhakka, 2009. "Organising new business in a turbulent context: Opportunity discovery and effectuation for IJV development in transition markets," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 7(2), pages 111-134, June.
    44. Coviello, Nicole E. & Jones, Marian V., 2004. "Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 485-508, July.
    45. Aylin Calıskan; & Anke Joern & Martine Meijnen & Friederike Von Moers & Frauke Schapmann, 2006. "The first steps of internationalisation for SMEs: serendipitous or intentional?," International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 1(3), pages 301-318.
    46. Danny Miller & Isabelle Le Breton–Miller, 2011. "Governance, Social Identity, and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Closely Held Public Companies," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(5), pages 1051-1076, September.
    47. Zahra, Shaker A. & Garvis, Dennis M., 2000. "International corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: The moderating effect of international environmental hostility," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 15(5-6), pages 469-492.
    48. Dew, Nicholas & Read, Stuart & Sarasvathy, Saras D. & Wiltbank, Robert, 2008. "Outlines of a behavioral theory of the entrepreneurial firm," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 37-59, April.
    49. Ciszewska-Mlinaric, Mariola & Obloj, Krzysztof & Wasowska, Aleksandra, 2016. "Effectuation and causation: Two decision-making logics of INVs at the early stage of growth and internationalisation," Journal of East European Management Studies, Rainer Hampp Verlag, vol. 21(3), pages 275-297.
    50. Aharoni, Yair & Tihanyi, Laszlo & Connelly, Brian L., 2011. "Managerial decision-making in international business: A forty-five-year retrospective," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 135-142, April.
    51. Editors The, 2008. "From the Editors," Basic Income Studies, De Gruyter, vol. 3(1), pages 1-1, July.
    52. Nicholas Dew & Stuart Read & Saras Sarasvathy & Robert Wiltbank, 2011. "On the entrepreneurial genesis of new markets: effectual transformations versus causal search and selection," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 21(2), pages 231-253, May.
    53. Johan Frishammar & Svante Andersson, 2009. "The overestimated role of strategic orientations for international performance in smaller firms," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 57-77, March.
    54. Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra & Ulf Andersson & Mary Yoko Brannen & Bo Bernhard Nielsen & A. Rebecca Reuber, 2016. "From the Editors: Can I trust your findings? Ruling out alternative explanations in international business research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(8), pages 881-897, October.
    55. Mary Zellmer-Bruhn & Paula Caligiuri & David C Thomas, 2016. "From the Editors: Experimental designs in international business research," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(4), pages 399-407, May.
    56. Igor Laine & Tamara Galkina, 0. "The interplay of effectuation and causation in decision making: Russian SMEs under institutional uncertainty," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-37.
    57. Benjamin M Oviatt & Patricia P McDougall, 2005. "The internationalization of entrepreneurship," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 36(1), pages 2-8, January.
    58. Saras Sarasvathy & K. Kumar & Jeffrey G. York & Suresh Bhagavatula, 2014. "An Effectual Approach to International Entrepreneurship: Overlaps, Challenges, and Provocative Possibilities," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 38(1), pages 71-93, January.
    59. Blomstermo, Anders & Eriksson, Kent & Lindstrand, Angelika & Sharma, D. Deo, 2004. "The perceived usefulness of network experiential knowledge in the internationalizing firm," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 355-373.
    60. Dean A. Shepherd & Dawn R. DeTienne, 2005. "Prior Knowledge, Potential Financial Reward, and Opportunity Identification," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 29(1), pages 91-112, January.
    61. Wiltbank, Robert & Read, Stuart & Dew, Nicholas & Sarasvathy, Saras D., 2009. "Prediction and control under uncertainty: Outcomes in angel investing," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 24(2), pages 116-133, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Junnan & Sun, Xiaohua & Yuan, Fang & Liu, Xiaoling, 2023. "Which type of servitization promotes firm performance: Embedded or hybrid?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    2. Deligianni, Ioanna, 2023. "Revisiting the relationship between product and international diversification in new ventures: The moderating effect of effectuation processes," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(1).
    3. Bai, Wensong & Johanson, Martin & Oliveira, Luis & Ratajczak-Mrozek, Milena & Francioni, Barbara, 2022. "Where business networks and institutions meet: Internationalization decision-making under uncertainty," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(1).
    4. Cowden, Birton & Karami, Masoud & Tang, Jintong & Ye, Wenping & Adomako, Samuel, 2023. "The gendered effects of effectuation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 155(PB).
    5. Bai, Wensong & Johanson, Martin & Oliveira, Luis & Ratajczak-Mrozek, Milena, 2021. "The role of business and social networks in the effectual internationalization: Insights from emerging market SMEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 96-109.
    6. Oliveira, Luis & Johanson, Martin, 2021. "Trust and firm internationalization: Dark-side effects on internationalization speed and how to alleviate them," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1-12.
    7. Koller, Sonia & Stephan, Ute & Ahmetoglu, Gorkan, 2022. "Ecological rationality and entrepreneurship: How entrepreneurs fit decision logics to decision content and structure," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(4).
    8. Kuckertz, Andreas & Brändle, Leif & Gaudig, Anja & Hinderer, Sebastian & Morales Reyes, Carlos Arturo & Prochotta, Alicia & Steinbrink, Kathrin M. & Berger, Elisabeth S.C., 2020. "Startups in times of crisis – A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 13(C).
    9. Christopher Idemudia EBEGBETALE & Abdul-Hameed Adeola SULAIMON & Simeon Emezana IFERE, 2024. "Impact of Causation and Effectuation on Competitiveness among Nano Businesses in Nigeria," Management and Economics Review, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 9(1), pages 91-103, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alexander McKelvie & Gaylen N. Chandler & Dawn R. DeTienne & Anette Johansson, 2020. "The measurement of effectuation: highlighting research tensions and opportunities for the future," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 54(3), pages 689-720, March.
    2. Tamara Galkina & Sylvie Chetty, 2015. "Effectuation and Networking of Internationalizing SMEs," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 55(5), pages 647-676, October.
    3. Elżbieta Duliniec, 2018. "Mechanizmy decyzyjne w przedsiębiorstwach wcześnie umiędzynarodowionych," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 2, pages 99-128.
    4. Igor Laine & Tamara Galkina, 0. "The interplay of effectuation and causation in decision making: Russian SMEs under institutional uncertainty," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-37.
    5. Saras Sarasvathy & K. Kumar & Jeffrey G. York & Suresh Bhagavatula, 2014. "An Effectual Approach to International Entrepreneurship: Overlaps, Challenges, and Provocative Possibilities," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 38(1), pages 71-93, January.
    6. Alexander Tabares & Yanto Chandra & Claudia Alvarez & Manuela Escobar-Sierra, 2021. "Opportunity-related behaviors in international entrepreneurship research: a multilevel analysis of antecedents, processes, and outcomes," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 321-368, March.
    7. Igor Laine & Tamara Galkina, 2017. "The interplay of effectuation and causation in decision making: Russian SMEs under institutional uncertainty," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 905-941, September.
    8. Benedetto Cannatelli & Matteo Pedrini & Michael Braun, 2019. "Individual-level antecedents of the entrepreneurial approach: the role of different types of passion in the Italian craft brewing industry," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 1193-1219, December.
    9. Evers, Natasha & Andersson, Svante, 2021. "Predictive and effectual decision-making in high-tech international new ventures – A matter of sequential ambidexterity," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(1).
    10. Vissak, Tiia & Francioni, Barbara & Freeman, Susan, 2020. "Foreign market entries, exits and re-entries: The role of knowledge, network relationships and decision-making logic," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(1).
    11. Mumford, Jonathan Van & Zettinig, Peter, 2022. "Co-creation in effectuation processes: A stakeholder perspective on commitment reasoning," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(4).
    12. Katrin M. Smolka & Ingrid Verheul & Katrin Burmeister–Lamp & Pursey P.M.A.R. Heugens, 2018. "Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 42(4), pages 571-604, July.
    13. Angela Rocha & Vítor Corado Simões & Renato Cotta Mello & Jorge Carneiro, 2017. "From global start-ups to the borderless firm: Why and how to build a worldwide value system," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 121-144, June.
    14. Rainer Harms & Holger Schiele, 2012. "Antecedents and consequences of effectuation and causation in the international new venture creation process," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 95-116, June.
    15. Farhad Uddin Ahmed & Louis Brennan, 2019. "Performance determinants of early internationalizing firms: The role of international entrepreneurial orientation," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 389-424, September.
    16. Gry Agnete Alsos & Tommy Høyvarde Clausen & René Mauer & Stuart Read & Saras D. Sarasvathy, 2020. "Effectual exchange: from entrepreneurship to the disciplines and beyond," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 54(3), pages 605-619, March.
    17. Kerr, Jon & Coviello, Nicole, 2020. "Weaving network theory into effectuation: A multi-level reconceptualization of effectual dynamics," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(2).
    18. Niina Nummela & Sami Saarenketo & Päivi Jokela & Sharon Loane, 2014. "Strategic Decision-Making of a Born Global: A Comparative Study From Three Small Open Economies," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 54(4), pages 527-550, August.
    19. Vinciane Servantie & Martine Hlady-Rispal, 2022. "Born globals’ decision-making logics during their entrepreneurial process," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 255-281, June.
    20. Vuorio, Anna & Torkkeli, Lasse, 2023. "Dynamic managerial capability portfolios in early internationalising firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(1).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:55:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s11187-019-00183-4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.