IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v133y2021icp1-12.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Trust and firm internationalization: Dark-side effects on internationalization speed and how to alleviate them

Author

Listed:
  • Oliveira, Luis
  • Johanson, Martin

Abstract

In this conceptual paper, we draw attention to the conflicting effects that trust may have on internationalization speed, exploring the fact that trust is a major component of the influential Uppsala Model of firm internationalization and considering internationalization speed as a multidimensional phenomenon. Building on the literature on trust and international business relationships, we argue that internationalization speed is initially fostered by the bright side of trust but its dark side prevails as the firm strengthens its relationships with foreign business partners. Inspired by research on how to suppress the dark side of trust before it emerges, we identify the choice between causation and effectuation as important in alleviating the negative effects of trust on internationalization speed. Therefore, besides making explicit the role of trust in understanding internationalization speed, our paper contributes to the International Business literature by examining the effects of decision logic in the internationalization process.

Suggested Citation

  • Oliveira, Luis & Johanson, Martin, 2021. "Trust and firm internationalization: Dark-side effects on internationalization speed and how to alleviate them," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1-12.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:133:y:2021:i:c:p:1-12
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321002800
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.042?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Johanson, Martin, 2008. "Institutions, exchange and trust: A study of the Russian transition to a market economy," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 46-64, March.
    2. Zahoor, Nadia & Al-Tabbaa, Omar, 2021. "Post-entry internationalization speed of SMEs: The role of relational mechanisms and foreign market knowledge," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(1).
    3. Jan-Erik Vahlne & Jan Johanson, 2020. "The Uppsala model: Networks and micro-foundations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(1), pages 4-10, February.
    4. de Vasconcellos, Silvio Luis & Garrido, Ivan Lapuente & Parente, Ronaldo Couto, 2019. "Organizational creativity as a crucial resource for building international business competence," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 438-449.
    5. Patnaik, Swetketu & Pereira, Vijay & Temouri, Yama & Malik, Ashish & Roohanifar, Mohammad, 2020. "The dance of power and trust-exploring micro-foundational dimensions in the development of global health partnership," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    6. Jan Johanson & Jan-Erik Vahlne, 2009. "The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(9), pages 1411-1431, December.
    7. Boersma, Margreet F. & Buckley, Peter J. & Ghauri, Pervez N., 2003. "Trust in international joint venture relationships," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 56(12), pages 1031-1042, December.
    8. Katrin M. Smolka & Ingrid Verheul & Katrin Burmeister–Lamp & Pursey P.M.A.R. Heugens, 2018. "Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 42(4), pages 571-604, July.
    9. Adobor, Henry, 2005. "Trust as sensemaking: the microdynamics of trust in interfirm alliances," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(3), pages 330-337, March.
    10. Masoud Karami & Ben Wooliscroft & Lisa McNeill, 0. "Effectuation and internationalisation: a review and agenda for future research," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-35.
    11. Benjamin M. Oviatt & Patricia P. McDougall, 2005. "Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 29(5), pages 537-553, September.
    12. Daniel Sullivan, 1994. "Measuring the Degree of Internationalization of a Firm," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 25(2), pages 325-342, June.
    13. Jan-Erik Vahlne & Jan Johanson, 2017. "From internationalization to evolution: The Uppsala model at 40 years," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(9), pages 1087-1102, December.
    14. Bill McEvily & Akbar Zaheer, 1999. "Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(12), pages 1133-1156, December.
    15. Jan Johanson & Jan-Erik Vahlne, 1977. "The Internationalization Process of the Firm—A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 8(1), pages 23-32, March.
    16. Ranjan Karri & Sanjay Goel, 2008. "Effectuation and Over–Trust: Response to Sarasvathy and Dew," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 32(4), pages 739-748, July.
    17. Shige Makino & Andrew Delios, 1996. "Local Knowledge Transfer and Performance: Implications for Alliance Formation in Asia," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 27(5), pages 905-927, December.
    18. Ulf Andersson & Desireé Blankenburg Holm & Martin Johanson, 2005. "Opportunities, Relational Embeddedness and Network Structure," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Pervez Ghauri & Amjad Hadjikhani & Jan Johanson (ed.), Managing Opportunity Development in Business Networks, chapter 1, pages 27-48, Palgrave Macmillan.
    19. Ingemar Dierickx & Karel Cool, 1989. "Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(12), pages 1504-1511, December.
    20. Martin Johanson & Igor Kalinic, 2016. "Acceleration and Deceleration in the Internationalization Process of the Firm," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 827-847, December.
    21. Anoop Madhok, 2006. "How much does ownership really matter? Equity and trust relations in joint venture relationships," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(1), pages 4-11, January.
    22. Chetty, Sylvie & Johanson, Martin & Martín Martín, Oscar, 2014. "Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 633-650.
    23. Felício, J. Augusto & Meidutė, Ieva & Kyvik, Øyvin, 2016. "Global mindset, cultural context, and the internationalization of SMEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 4924-4932.
    24. Oyvin Kyvik & Willem Saris & Eduard Bonet & J. Felício, 2013. "The internationalization of small firms: The relationship between the global mindset and firms’ internationalization behavior," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 172-195, June.
    25. Akbar Zaheer & Bill McEvily & Vincenzo Perrone, 1998. "Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 9(2), pages 141-159, April.
    26. Sanjay Goel & Ranjan Karri, 2006. "Entrepreneurs, Effectual Logic, and Over–Trust," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 30(4), pages 477-493, July.
    27. Chandler, Gaylen N. & DeTienne, Dawn R. & McKelvie, Alexander & Mumford, Troy V., 2011. "Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 375-390, May.
    28. Jan Johanson & Jan-Erik Vahlne, 2006. "Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: A note on the Uppsala internationalization process model," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 165-178, March.
    29. Srilata Zaheer & Akbar Zaheer, 2006. "Trust across borders," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(1), pages 21-29, January.
    30. Akbar Zaheer & N. Venkatraman, 1995. "Relational governance as an interorganizational strategy: An empirical test of the role of trust in economic exchange," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(5), pages 373-392.
    31. Ingemar Dierickx & Karel Cool, 1989. "Asset Stock Accumulation and the Sustainability of Competitive Advantage: Reply," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(12), pages 1514-1514, December.
    32. Desirée Blankenburg Holm & Martin Johanson & Pao Kao, 2015. "From outsider to insider: Opportunity development in foreign market networks," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 337-359, September.
    33. Kent Eriksson & Jan Johanson & Anders Majkgård & D Deo Sharma, 1997. "Experimental Knowledge and Costs in the Internationalization Process," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 28(2), pages 337-360, June.
    34. Laura Poppo & Kevin Zheng Zhou & Julie J. Li, 2016. "When can you trust “trust”? Calculative trust, relational trust, and supplier performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(4), pages 724-741, April.
    35. Douglas Dow & Peter Liesch & Lawrence Welch, 2018. "Inertia and Managerial Intentionality: Extending the Uppsala Model," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 465-493, June.
    36. Bill McEvily & Akbar Zaheer & Darcy K. Fudge Kamal, 2017. "Mutual and Exclusive: Dyadic Sources of Trust in Interorganizational Exchange," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 28(1), pages 74-92, February.
    37. Leonidou, Leonidas C. & Aykol, Bilge & Fotiadis, Thomas A. & Christodoulides, Paul & Zeriti, Athina, 2017. "Betrayal in international buyer-seller relationships: Its drivers and performance implications," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(1), pages 28-44.
    38. Musteen, Martina & Francis, John & Datta, Deepak K., 2010. "The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: A study of Czech SMEs," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 197-205, July.
    39. Jiang, Ruihua Joy & Beamish, Paul W. & Makino, Shige, 2014. "Time compression diseconomies in foreign expansion," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 114-121.
    40. Gabriel R. G. Benito, 2005. "Divestment and international business strategy," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 5(2), pages 235-251, April.
    41. Jain, Naveen Kumar & Celo, Sokol & Kumar, Vikas, 2019. "Internationalization speed, resources and performance: Evidence from Indian software industry," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 26-37.
    42. Ciravegna, Luciano & Majano, Sara B. & Zhan, Ge, 2014. "The inception of internationalization of small and medium enterprises: The role of activeness and networks," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(6), pages 1081-1089.
    43. Helga Drummond, 1995. "De‐Escalation In Decision Making: A Case Of A Disastrous Partnership," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(3), pages 265-281, May.
    44. Renata P. Brito & Priscila L. S. Miguel, 2017. "Power, Governance, and Value in Collaboration: Differences between Buyer and Supplier Perspectives," Journal of Supply Chain Management, Institute for Supply Management, vol. 53(2), pages 61-87, April.
    45. Mooi, Erik A. & Frambach, Ruud T., 2012. "Encouraging innovation in business relationships—A research note," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(7), pages 1025-1030.
    46. Williamson, Oliver E, 1993. "Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 36(1), pages 453-486, April.
    47. Alexander Mohr & Georgios Batsakis, 2017. "Internationalization Speed and Firm Performance: A Study of the Market-Seeking Expansion of Retail MNEs," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(2), pages 153-177, April.
    48. Gary A Knight & Daekwan Kim, 2009. "International business competence and the contemporary firm," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(2), pages 255-273, February.
    49. Martin Gargiulo & Mario Benassi, 2000. "Trapped in Your Own Net? Network Cohesion, Structural Holes, and the Adaptation of Social Capital," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 11(2), pages 183-196, April.
    50. Jansson, Hans & Sandberg, Susanne, 2008. "Internationalization of small and medium sized enterprises in the Baltic Sea Region," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 65-77, March.
    51. Keith J. Blois, 1999. "Trust in Business to Business Relationships: An Evaluation of its Status," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(2), pages 197-215, March.
    52. Gounaris, Spiros P., 2005. "Trust and commitment influences on customer retention: insights from business-to-business services," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(2), pages 126-140, February.
    53. Nicole Coviello & Liena Kano & Peter W Liesch, 2017. "Adapting the Uppsala model to a modern world: Macro-context and microfoundations," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(9), pages 1151-1164, December.
    54. Noordhoff, C.S. & Kyriakopoulos, K. & Moorman, C. & Pauwels, P. & Dellaert, B.G.C., 2011. "The Bright Side and Dark Side of Embedded Ties In Business-to-Business Innovation," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2011-008-MKT, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    55. Greg Fisher, 2012. "Effectuation, Causation, and Bricolage: A Behavioral Comparison of Emerging Theories in Entrepreneurship Research," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 36(5), pages 1019-1051, September.
    56. Sandberg, Susanne, 2014. "Experiential knowledge antecedents of the SME network node configuration in emerging market business networks," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 20-29.
    57. Benjamin M Oviatt & Patricia P McDougall, 2005. "The internationalization of entrepreneurship," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 36(1), pages 2-8, January.
    58. Masoud Karami & Ben Wooliscroft & Lisa McNeill, 2020. "Effectuation and internationalisation: a review and agenda for future research," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 777-811, October.
    59. Coviello, Nicole & Munro, Hugh, 1997. "Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 361-386, August.
    60. Matthew J. Robson & Constantine S. Katsikeas & Daniel C. Bello, 2008. "Drivers and Performance Outcomes of Trust in International Strategic Alliances: The Role of Organizational Complexity," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 19(4), pages 647-665, August.
    61. Saras Sarasvathy & K. Kumar & Jeffrey G. York & Suresh Bhagavatula, 2014. "An Effectual Approach to International Entrepreneurship: Overlaps, Challenges, and Provocative Possibilities," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 38(1), pages 71-93, January.
    62. Mats Forsgren, 2016. "A note on the revisited Uppsala internationalization process model – the implications of business networks and entrepreneurship," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 47(9), pages 1135-1144, December.
    63. Blomstermo, Anders & Eriksson, Kent & Lindstrand, Angelika & Sharma, D. Deo, 2004. "The perceived usefulness of network experiential knowledge in the internationalizing firm," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 355-373.
    64. Kerr, Jon & Coviello, Nicole, 2020. "Weaving network theory into effectuation: A multi-level reconceptualization of effectual dynamics," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(2).
    65. Benjamin M Oviatt & Patricia Phillips McDougall, 1994. "Toward a Theory of International New ventures," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 25(1), pages 45-64, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mikael Hilmersson & Roger Schweizer & Sylvie Chetty, 2022. "The Relationship Between Timing, Speed, and Performance in Foreign Market Network Entry," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 62(3), pages 325-349, June.
    2. Tengjian Zou & Gokhan Ertug & Ilya R. P. Cuypers & Donald L. Ferrin, 2023. "Trust across borders: a review of the research on interorganizational trust in international business," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(8), pages 1379-1401, October.
    3. Costin Lianu & Irina Gabriela Radulescu & Simona Corina Dobre Gudei & Cosmin Lianu & Veronica Mindrescu, 2022. "Cohesion Forces Determinants in Cluster Development: A Study Case for Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-12, March.
    4. Han, Xiaomin & Goxe, François & Freeman, Susan, 2024. "Internationalization through social networks: A systematic review and future research agenda," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(4).
    5. Susan, Enyang Besong & Pan, Yanchun, 2024. "Trust as a determinant of green finance through information sharing and technological penetration: Integrating the moderation of governance for sustainable growth," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    6. Wang, Mengyang & Zheng Zhou, Kevin & Bai, Xuan & Li, Jiaxuan, 2024. "Trust asymmetry and changes in supplier opportunism: An institutional contingency view," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fletcher, Margaret & Harris, Simon & Richey, Robert Glenn, 2021. "Retrospective and prospective learning: Accelerating the internationalization process," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(3).
    2. Mikael Hilmersson & Roger Schweizer & Sylvie Chetty, 2022. "The Relationship Between Timing, Speed, and Performance in Foreign Market Network Entry," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 62(3), pages 325-349, June.
    3. Jan Johanson & Martin Johanson, 2021. "Speed and synchronization in foreign market network entry: A note on the revisited Uppsala model," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(8), pages 1628-1645, October.
    4. Bai, Wensong & Johanson, Martin & Oliveira, Luis & Ratajczak-Mrozek, Milena, 2021. "The role of business and social networks in the effectual internationalization: Insights from emerging market SMEs," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 96-109.
    5. Vissak, Tiia & Francioni, Barbara & Freeman, Susan, 2020. "Foreign market entries, exits and re-entries: The role of knowledge, network relationships and decision-making logic," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(1).
    6. Acedo, Francisco J. & Coviello, Nicole & Agustí, María, 2021. "Caution ahead! The long-term effects of initial export intensity and geographic dispersion on INV development," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(6).
    7. Lindstrand, Angelika & Hånell, Sara Melén, 2017. "International and market-specific social capital effects on international opportunity exploitation in the internationalization process," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(5), pages 653-663.
    8. Georgios Batsakis & Vasilis Theoharakis, 2021. "Achieving the Paradox of Concurrent Internationalization Speed: Internationalizing Rapidly in Both Breadth and Depth," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 61(4), pages 429-467, August.
    9. Bruno F. Abrantes, 2020. "Are Neoclassic Internationalization Models Enduring? A Case-Review of the Uppsala Paradigm," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, June.
    10. Kusi, Samuel Yaw & Gabrielsson, Peter & Kontkanen, Minnie, 2021. "Developing brand identities for international new ventures under uncertainty: Decision-making logics and psychic distance," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6).
    11. Galkina, Tamara & Yang, Man, 2020. "Bringing Nordic Slush to Asia: Entrepreneurial internationalization of an NGO as a social movement," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(6).
    12. Rachel Xenia Chang & Mário Henrique Ogasavara, 2021. "The impact of institutional distance and experiential knowledge on the internationalization speed of Japanese MNEs," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(5), pages 549-582, November.
    13. Donbesuur, Francis & Zahoor, Nadia & Boso, Nathaniel, 2022. "International network formation, home market institutional support and post-entry performance of international new ventures," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(3).
    14. Martin Johanson & Igor Kalinic, 2016. "Acceleration and Deceleration in the Internationalization Process of the Firm," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 827-847, December.
    15. Alexander Tabares & Yanto Chandra & Claudia Alvarez & Manuela Escobar-Sierra, 2021. "Opportunity-related behaviors in international entrepreneurship research: a multilevel analysis of antecedents, processes, and outcomes," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 321-368, March.
    16. González, Carlos & Ruiz Massieu, Daniela, 2021. "Universally-enabling and context-binding resources in new venture internationalization: Evidence from venture capital backed start-ups in an emerging market," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6).
    17. Sinéad Monaghan & Esther Tippmann, 2018. "Becoming a multinational enterprise: Using industry recipes to achieve rapid multinationalization," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(4), pages 473-495, May.
    18. Schweizer, Roger & Vahlne, Jan-Erik, 2022. "Non-linear internationalization and the Uppsala model – On the importance of individuals," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 583-592.
    19. Johanson, Martin & Martín Martín, Oscar, 2015. "The incremental expansion of Born Internationals: A comparison of new and old Born Internationals," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 476-496.
    20. Yoruk, Deniz E. & Bunduchi, Raluca & Yoruk, Esin & Crișan-Mitra, Catalina & Salanță, Irina-Iulia & Crișan, Emil Lucian, 2021. "Pathways to innovation in Romanian software SMEs: Exploring the impact of interdependencies between internationalisation and knowledge sources," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(4).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:133:y:2021:i:c:p:1-12. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.