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The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership

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  • Jan Johanson

    (Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden)

  • Jan-Erik Vahlne

    (Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden)

Abstract

The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers. Outsidership, in relation to the relevant network, more than psychic distance, is the root of uncertainty. The change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version, although we add trust-building and knowledge creation, the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships.

Suggested Citation

  • Jan Johanson & Jan-Erik Vahlne, 2009. "The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(9), pages 1411-1431, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:jintbs:v:40:y:2009:i:9:p:1411-1431
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