IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i14p5263-d867273.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Impact of Natural Gas, Oil, and Renewables Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: European Evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Matheus Belucio

    (Economy of Francesco (EoF) Academy, Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE-UE), University of Évora, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal)

  • Renato Santiago

    (Department of Management and Economics, University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal)

  • José Alberto Fuinhas

    (Centre for Business and Economics Research (CeBER) and Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal)

  • Luiz Braun

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
    Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-194 Coimbra, Portugal)

  • José Antunes

    (Department of Management and Economics, University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal)

Abstract

Natural gas has returned to prominence in the agenda of European countries since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022. However, natural gas is a fossil source with severe environmental implications. This paper aims to verify the impact of natural gas on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions for a European panel from 1993 to 2018 for sixteen countries. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in the form of an unrestricted error correction model was used to identify the short-run impacts, the long-run elasticities, and the speed of adjustment of the model. The results indicate that in the short-run, natural gas has a negligible impact on CO 2 emissions when faced with oil consumption (6.7 times less), whereas the consumption of renewables and hydroelectric energy proved to be able to decrease the CO 2 emissions both in the short- and long-run. The elasticity of oil consumption is lower than the unit, indicating that efficiency gains have been achieved during the process of the energy transition to clean energy sources. If economies use non-renewable energy, governments must continue to prefer natural gas to oil. Renewables and hydroelectric consumption must be used to revert the path of CO 2 emissions. Given the unstable scenario that has been caused by the War in Eastern Europe, politicians should focus on accelerating the transition from fossil to renewable energies.

Suggested Citation

  • Matheus Belucio & Renato Santiago & José Alberto Fuinhas & Luiz Braun & José Antunes, 2022. "The Impact of Natural Gas, Oil, and Renewables Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: European Evidence," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:5263-:d:867273
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/14/5263/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/14/5263/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alcaraz, Carlo & Villalvazo, Sergio, 2017. "The effect of natural gas shortages on the Mexican economy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 147-153.
    2. Balitskiy, Sergey & Bilan, Yuriy & Strielkowski, Wadim & Štreimikienė, Dalia, 2016. "Energy efficiency and natural gas consumption in the context of economic development in the European Union," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 156-168.
    3. Matheus Koengkan & Renato Santiago & José Alberto Fuinhas, 2019. "The impact of public capital stock on energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean region," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 160, pages 43-55.
    4. Osman, Mohamed & Gachino, Geoffrey & Hoque, Ariful, 2016. "Electricity consumption and economic growth in the GCC countries: Panel data analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 318-327.
    5. Golombek, Rolf & Brekke, Kjell Arne & Kittelsen, Sverre A.C., 2013. "Is electricity more important than natural gas? Partial liberalizations of the Western European energy markets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 99-111.
    6. Hausman, Jerry, 2015. "Specification tests in econometrics," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 38(2), pages 112-134.
    7. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2021. "General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 13-50, January.
    8. Bouwmeester, Maaike C. & Oosterhaven, J., 2017. "Economic impacts of natural gas flow disruptions between Russia and the EU," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 288-297.
    9. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sadorsky, Perry, 2016. "The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 52-68.
    10. John C. Driscoll & Aart C. Kraay, 1998. "Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation With Spatially Dependent Panel Data," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 80(4), pages 549-560, November.
    11. Marques, António C. & Fuinhas, José A. & Pires Manso, J.R., 2010. "Motivations driving renewable energy in European countries: A panel data approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 6877-6885, November.
    12. Heidari, Hassan & Katircioglu, Salih Turan & Saeidpour, Lesyan, 2013. "Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Are we ready to natural gas price liberalization in Iran?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 638-645.
    13. Erdal, Gülistan & Erdal, Hilmi & Esengün, Kemal, 2008. "The causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 3838-3842, October.
    14. Ozturk, Ilhan, 2010. "A literature survey on energy-growth nexus," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 340-349, January.
    15. Batalla-Bejerano, Joan & Costa-Campi, Maria Teresa & Trujillo-Baute, Elisa, 2016. "Collateral effects of liberalisation: Metering, losses, load profiles and cost settlement in Spain’s electricity system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 421-431.
    16. Furuoka, Fumitaka, 2016. "Natural gas consumption and economic development in China and Japan: An empirical examination of the Asian context," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 100-115.
    17. Chen, Z.M. & Chen, G.Q., 2011. "An overview of energy consumption of the globalized world economy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 5920-5928, October.
    18. Renato Santiago & José Alberto Fuinhas & António Cardoso Marques, 2020. "The impact of globalization and economic freedom on economic growth: the case of the Latin America and Caribbean countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 61-85, February.
    19. Destek, Mehmet Akif, 2016. "Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Panel evidence from OECD countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1007-1015.
    20. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    21. Xiong, Pingping & Li, Kailing & Shu, Hui & Wang, Junjie, 2021. "Forecast of natural gas consumption in the Asia-Pacific region using a fractional-order incomplete gamma grey model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    22. Payne, James E., 2010. "A survey of the electricity consumption-growth literature," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(3), pages 723-731, March.
    23. Slabá, Monika & Gapko, Petr & Klimešová, Andrea, 2013. "Main drivers of natural gas prices in the Czech Republic after the market liberalisation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 199-212.
    24. Inglesi-Lotz, Roula, 2016. "The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 58-63.
    25. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    26. Solarin, Sakiru Adebola & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2015. "Natural gas consumption and economic growth: The role of foreign direct investment, capital formation and trade openness in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 835-845.
    27. Hulshof, Daan & van der Maat, Jan-Pieter & Mulder, Machiel, 2016. "Market fundamentals, competition and natural-gas prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 480-491.
    28. Itbar Khan & Lei Han & Hayat Khan & Le Thi Kim Oanh, 2021. "Analyzing Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources for Environmental Quality: Dynamic Investigation in Developing Countries," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2021, pages 1-12, September.
    29. Dogan, Eyup & Aslan, Alper, 2017. "Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional depen," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 239-245.
    30. Ferreira, Paula & Soares, Isabel & Araujo, Madalena, 2005. "Liberalisation, consumption heterogeneity and the dynamics of energy prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(17), pages 2244-2255, November.
    31. Henry D. Jacoby & Francis M. O'Sullivan & Sergey Paltsev, 2012. "The Influence of Shale Gas on U.S. Energy and Environmental Policy," Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 1).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Xolmurotov Fozil Saribayevich & Xolmuratov Xolilla Sariyevich & Sukhrob Davlatov & Hulkar Turobova & Sobirjon Ruziyev, 2024. "Analysis of Factors Affecting CO2 Emissions: In the Case of Uzbekistan," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(4), pages 207-215, July.
    2. Jing Niu & Chao Ma & Chun-Ping Chang, 2023. "The arbitrage strategy in the crude oil futures market of shanghai international energy exchange," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 1201-1223, April.
    3. Li, Yanghui & Hu, Wenkang & Tang, Haoran & Wu, Peng & Liu, Tao & You, Zeshao & Yu, Tao & Song, Yongchen, 2023. "Mechanical properties of the interstratified hydrate-bearing sediment in permafrost zones," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    4. Natalia Khan & Wei Deng Solvang & Hao Yu, 2024. "Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Other Industry 4.0 Technologies in Spare Parts Warehousing in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Systematic Literature Review," Logistics, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-23, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jiang, Hongdian & Dong, Xiucheng & Jiang, Qingzhe & Dong, Kangyin, 2020. "What drives China's natural gas consumption? Analysis of national and regional estimates," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    2. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sarwar, Suleman & Chen, Wei & Malik, Muhammad Nasir, 2017. "Dynamics of electricity consumption, oil price and economic growth: Global perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 256-270.
    3. Solarin, Sakiru Adebola & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2016. "The relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in OPEC members," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1348-1356.
    4. Santiago, Renato & Fuinhas, José Alberto & Marques, António Cardoso, 2020. "An analysis of the energy intensity of Latin American and Caribbean countries: Empirical evidence on the role of public and private capital stock," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    5. Chen, Jiandong & Yu, Jie & Ai, Bowei & Song, Malin & Hou, Wenxuan, 2019. "Determinants of global natural gas consumption and import–export flows," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 588-602.
    6. Matheus Koengkan & Renato Santiago & José Alberto Fuinhas & António Cardoso Marques, 2019. "Does financial openness cause the intensification of environmental degradation? New evidence from Latin American and Caribbean countries," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 21(4), pages 507-532, October.
    7. Lin, Boqiang & Okoye, Jude O., 2023. "Towards renewable energy generation and low greenhouse gas emission in high-income countries: Performance of financial development and governance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    8. Hikmet Akyol & Selim Basar, 2024. "Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks," Istanbul Journal of Economics-Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi, Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, vol. 73(74-1), pages 59-98, June.
    9. Saldivia, Mauricio & Kristjanpoller, Werner & Olson, Josephine E., 2020. "Energy consumption and GDP revisited: A new panel data approach with wavelet decomposition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    10. Menegaki, Angeliki N. & Marques, António Cardoso & Fuinhas, José Alberto, 2017. "Redefining the energy-growth nexus with an index for sustainable economic welfare in Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1254-1268.
    11. Tian Xiong & Kaan Celebi & Paul J. J. Welfens, 2022. "OECD countries’ twin long-run challenge: The impact of aging dynamics and increasing natural disasters on savings ratios," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 741-759, October.
    12. Uzar, Umut, 2020. "Political economy of renewable energy: Does institutional quality make a difference in renewable energy consumption?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 591-603.
    13. Cristiana Tudor & Robert Sova, 2021. "On the Impact of GDP per Capita, Carbon Intensity and Innovation for Renewable Energy Consumption: Worldwide Evidence," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-25, October.
    14. Osama Elsalih & Kamil Sertoglu & Mustafa Besim, 2021. "Determinants of comparative advantage of crude oil production: Evidence from OPEC and non‐OPEC countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 3972-3983, July.
    15. Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Demir, Ender & Padhan, Hemachandra, 2020. "The impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the OECD countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    16. Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Awodumi, Olabanji B., 2017. "Renewable and non-renewable energy-growth-emissions linkages: Review of emerging trends with policy implications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 275-291.
    17. Hashemizadeh, Ali & Bui, Quocviet & Kongbuamai, Nattapan, 2021. "Unpacking the role of public debt in renewable energy consumption: New insights from the emerging countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    18. Issam Khelfaoui & Yuantao Xie & Muhammad Hafeez & Danish Ahmed & Houssem Eddine Degha & Hicham Meskher, 2022. "Information Communication Technology and Infant Mortality in Low-Income Countries: Empirical Study Using Panel Data Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-24, June.
    19. Acheampong, Alex O. & Boateng, Elliot & Amponsah, Mary & Dzator, Janet, 2021. "Revisiting the economic growth–energy consumption nexus: Does globalization matter?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    20. Yadav, Aneet & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2024. "Does renewable energy development reduce energy import dependency in emerging economies? Evidence from CS-ARDL and panel causality approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:14:p:5263-:d:867273. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.