IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v139y2022icp584-601.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Social impact through family firms’ interorganizational relationships within a community and a cooperative: An embedded view of stewardship

Author

Listed:
  • Hadjielias, Elias
  • Christofi, Michael
  • Vrontis, Demetris
  • Khan, Huda

Abstract

Current literature provides limited understanding on the processes through which interorganizational relationships contribute to social impact. We focus on a context, which is uniquely suited to understanding this phenomenon: a cooperative composed of family firms that operate in a rural community. We draw on stewardship and embeddedness perspectives to understand the way interorganizational relationships within a community and a cooperative allow family firms to engage in social impact. Relying on abductive logic and a qualitative multiple case study research, this study unveils the micro-processes and mechanisms through which interorganizational relationships within a cooperative and a community allow firms to operate on a continuum comprised of social value generation, sharing and replication practices. An embedded form of stewardship emerges as a core mechanism for interorganizational social impact activities. A conceptual model, based on generating, sharing and replicating processes of social impact is proposed. Implications and opportunities for further research are presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Hadjielias, Elias & Christofi, Michael & Vrontis, Demetris & Khan, Huda, 2022. "Social impact through family firms’ interorganizational relationships within a community and a cooperative: An embedded view of stewardship," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 584-601.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:139:y:2022:i:c:p:584-601
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.005
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321007311
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.005?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Armin Heinzl & Martin Bichler & Wil M. P. Aalst, 2017. "Trans-National Joint Research Projects," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 59(4), pages 205-206, August.
    2. Chrisman, James J. & Sharma, Pramodita & Taggar, Simon, 2007. "Family influences on firms: An introduction," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 60(10), pages 1005-1011, October.
    3. Becker, Henk A., 2001. "Social impact assessment," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 128(2), pages 311-321, January.
    4. Siemieniako, Dariusz & Kubacki, Krzysztof & Mitręga, Maciej, 2021. "Inter-organisational relationships for social impact: A systematic literature review," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 453-469.
    5. Susanna Slotte–Kock & Nicole Coviello, 2010. "Entrepreneurship Research on Network Processes: A Review and Ways Forward," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 34(1), pages 31-57, January.
    6. Lisa Melander, 2017. "Achieving Sustainable Development by Collaborating in Green Product Innovation," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(8), pages 1095-1109, December.
    7. Massimo Baù & Francesco Chirico & Daniel Pittino & Mikaela Backman & Johan Klaesson, 2019. "Roots to Grow: Family Firms and Local Embeddedness in Rural and Urban Contexts," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 43(2), pages 360-385, March.
    8. Sophie Bacq & Kimberly A. Eddleston, 2018. "A Resource-Based View of Social Entrepreneurship: How Stewardship Culture Benefits Scale of Social Impact," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 152(3), pages 589-611, October.
    9. Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Gerard Roland, 2017. "Culture, Institutions, and the Wealth of Nations," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 99(3), pages 402-416, July.
    10. Jean, Ruey-Jer Bryan & Kim, Daekwan & Chiou, Jyh-She & Calantone, Roger, 2018. "Strategic orientations, joint learning, and innovation generation in international customer-supplier relationships," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(4), pages 838-851.
    11. ., 2017. "Relating the city to the nation," Chapters, in: Creating Cities/Building Cities, chapter 7, pages 114-131, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    12. Chacko G. Kannothra & Stephan Manning & Nardia Haigh, 2018. "How Hybrids Manage Growth and Social–Business Tensions in Global Supply Chains: The Case of Impact Sourcing," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 148(2), pages 271-290, March.
    13. Mark Lehrer & Lydia Segal, 2020. "The stewardship organization: essential characteristics and conditions of feasibility," American Journal of Business, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 35(3/4), pages 175-190, October.
    14. Elsa Dessaigne & Catherine Pardo, 2020. "The network orchestrator as steward : Strengthening norms as an orchestration practice," Post-Print hal-03188196, HAL.
    15. Basco, Rodrigo & Suwala, Lech, 2020. "Spatial familiness: a bridge between family business and economic geography," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, pages 185-212.
    16. Isabelle Le Breton-Miller & Danny Miller, 2009. "Agency vs. Stewardship in Public Family Firms: A Social Embeddedness Reconciliation," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(6), pages 1169-1191, November.
    17. Stefano Pogutz & Monika I. Winn, 2016. "Cultivating Ecological Knowledge for Corporate Sustainability: Barilla's Innovative Approach to Sustainable Farming," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(6), pages 435-448, September.
    18. Lawrence A. Plummer & Zoltán J. Ács, 2015. "Localized competition in the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship," Chapters, in: Global Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Incentives, chapter 8, pages 145-160, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    19. Joe Miemczyk & Thomas Johnsen & Monica Macquet, 2012. "Sustainable purchasing and supply management: a structured literature review of definitions and measures at the dyad, chain and network levels," Post-Print hal-00858680, HAL.
    20. Cao, Lanlan & Navare, Jyoti & Jin, Zhongqi, 2018. "Business model innovation: How the international retailers rebuild their core business logic in a new host country," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 543-562.
    21. Stephen L. Vargo & Robert F. Lusch, 2016. "Institutions and axioms: an extension and update of service-dominant logic," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 44(1), pages 5-23, January.
    22. Yi Xu & Zhihong Shi & Bas Leeuwen & Yuping Ni & Zipeng Zhang & Ye Ma, 2017. "Chinese National Income, ca. 1661–1933," Australian Economic History Review, Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57(3), pages 368-393, November.
    23. Halliday, Sue Vaux, 2016. "User-generated content about brands: Understanding its creators and consumers," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 137-144.
    24. Cooper, Robin & Slagmulder, Regine, 2004. "Interorganizational cost management and relational context," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 1-26, January.
    25. Angela Carradus & Ricardo Zozimo & Allan Discua Cruz, 2020. "Exploring a Faith-Led Open-Systems Perspective of Stewardship in Family Businesses," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 163(4), pages 701-714, May.
    26. Sakarya, Sema & Bodur, Muzaffer & Yildirim-Öktem, Özlem & Selekler-Göksen, Nisan, 2012. "Social alliances: Business and social enterprise collaboration for social transformation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 65(12), pages 1710-1720.
    27. ., 2017. "Producer politics: resource nationalism," Chapters, in: International Resource Politics in the Asia-Pacific, chapter 4, pages 70-94, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    28. Halinen, Aino & Tornroos, Jan-Ake, 2005. "Using case methods in the study of contemporary business networks," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(9), pages 1285-1297, September.
    29. ., 2017. "The national interest," Chapters, in: State and Trade, chapter 3, pages 22-41, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    30. Pérez-Luño, Ana & Cabello Medina, Carmen & Carmona Lavado, Antonio & Cuevas Rodríguez, Gloria, 2011. "How social capital and knowledge affect innovation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 64(12), pages 1369-1376.
    31. Lloyd P. Steier & Jess H. Chua & James J. Chrisman, 2009. "Embeddedness Perspectives of Economic Action within Family Firms," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 33(6), pages 1157-1167, November.
    32. Claribel Muller & Walter J. V. Vermeulen & Pieter Glasbergen, 2012. "Pushing or Sharing as Value‐driven Strategies for Societal Change in Global Supply Chains: Two Case Studies in the British–South African Fresh Fruit Supply Chain," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(2), pages 127-140, February.
    33. Denice Welch & Ingmar Björkman, 2015. "The Place of International Human Resource Management in International Business," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 303-322, June.
    34. Ritter, Thomas & Gemunden, Hans Georg, 2003. "Network competence: Its impact on innovation success and its antecedents," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 56(9), pages 745-755, September.
    35. David L. Deephouse & Peter Jaskiewicz, 2013. "Do Family Firms Have Better Reputations Than Non-Family Firms? An Integration of Socioemotional Wealth and Social Identity Theories," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(3), pages 337-360, May.
    36. Paul Westhead & Carole Howorth, 2007. "‘Types’ of private family firms: an exploratory conceptual and empirical analysis," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(5), pages 405-431, September.
    37. Julia Rotter & Peppi-Emilia Airike & Cecilia Mark-Herbert, 2014. "Exploring Political Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Supply Chains," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 125(4), pages 581-599, December.
    38. Ferguson, Shelagh & Brace-Govan, Jan & Martin, Diane M., 2020. "Gender status bias and the marketplace," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 211-221.
    39. Jonathan Bundy & Ryan M. Vogel & Miles A. Zachary, 2018. "Organization–stakeholder fit: A dynamic theory of cooperation, compromise, and conflict between an organization and its stakeholders," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(2), pages 476-501, February.
    40. Islam, Syrus M., 2020. "Unintended consequences of scaling social impact through ecosystem growth strategy in social enterprise and social entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 13(C).
    41. Hussi, P. & Murphy, J. & Lindberg, O. & Brenneman, L., 1993. "The Development of Cooperatives and Other Rural Organizations: The Role of the World Bank," Papers 199, World Bank - Technical Papers.
    42. James H. Davis & Mathew R. Allen & H. David Hayes, 2010. "Is Blood Thicker Than Water? A Study of Stewardship Perceptions in Family Business," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 34(6), pages 1093-1116, November.
    43. Margaret Lindorff & Elizabeth Prior Jonson & Linda McGuire, 2012. "Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Controversial Industry Sectors: The Social Value of Harm Minimisation," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 110(4), pages 457-467, November.
    44. Block, J.H. & Spiegel, F., 2013. "Family firm density and regional innovation output: An exploratory analysis," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 270-280.
    45. ManMohan S. Sodhi & Christopher S. Tang, 2018. "Corporate social sustainability in supply chains: a thematic analysis of the literature," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(1-2), pages 882-901, January.
    46. Marion, Tucker J. & Eddleston, Kimberly A. & Friar, John H. & Deeds, David, 2015. "The evolution of interorganizational relationships in emerging ventures: An ethnographic study within the new product development process," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 167-184.
    47. Bird, Miriam & Wennberg, Karl, 2014. "Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 421-436.
    48. Pratima Bansal & Geoffrey Kistruck, 2006. "Seeing Is (Not) Believing: Managing the Impressions of the Firm’s Commitment to the Natural Environment," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 67(2), pages 165-180, August.
    49. Unknown, 2005. "Forward," 2005 Conference: Slovenia in the EU - Challenges for Agriculture, Food Science and Rural Affairs, November 10-11, 2005, Moravske Toplice, Slovenia 183804, Slovenian Association of Agricultural Economists (DAES).
    50. John Sillince & Paula Jarzabkowski & Duncan Shaw, 2012. "Shaping Strategic Action Through the Rhetorical Construction and Exploitation of Ambiguity," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 23(3), pages 630-650, June.
    51. G. T. Lumpkin & Keith H. Brigham, 2011. "Long–Term Orientation and Intertemporal Choice in Family Firms," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 35(6), pages 1149-1169, November.
    52. Battistella, Cinzia & De Toni, Alberto F. & De Zan, Giovanni & Pessot, Elena, 2017. "Cultivating business model agility through focused capabilities: A multiple case study," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 65-82.
    53. Fletcher, Denise & Massis, Alfredo De & Nordqvist, Mattias, 2016. "Qualitative research practices and family business scholarship: A review and future research agenda," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 8-25.
    54. Tello, Mario A., 2020. "Conceptualizing social impact: A geographic perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 562-571.
    55. Condon, Andrew M. & Cotterill, Ronald W. & Rhodes, V. James & Shaffer, James D. & Staatz, John M., 1987. "Cooperative Theory: New Approaches," Service Reports (SR) 280614, United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development.
    56. Hans Rawhouser & Michael Cummings & Scott L. Newbert, 2019. "Social Impact Measurement: Current Approaches and Future Directions for Social Entrepreneurship Research," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 43(1), pages 82-115, January.
    57. Steffen Korsgaard & Richard Ferguson & Johan Gaddefors, 2015. "The best of both worlds: how rural entrepreneurs use placial embeddedness and strategic networks to create opportunities," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(9-10), pages 574-598, October.
    58. Roper, Stephen & Vahter, Priit & Love, James H., 2013. "Externalities of openness in innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(9), pages 1544-1554.
    59. Maurizio Sobrero & Edward B. Roberts, 2001. "The Trade-off Between Efficiency and Learning in Interorganizational Relationships for Product Development," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 47(4), pages 493-511, April.
    60. Bengt Johannisson & Leonardo Centeno Caffarena & Allan Fernando Discua Cruz & Mircea Epure & Esther Hormiga Pérez & Magdalena Kapelko & Karen Murdock & Douglas Nanka-Bruce & Martina Olejárová & Alizab, 2007. "Interstanding the industrial district: contrasting conceptual images as a road to insight," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(6), pages 527-554.
    61. Allison W. Pearson & Laura E. Marler, 2010. "A Leadership Perspective of Reciprocal Stewardship in Family Firms," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 34(6), pages 1117-1124, November.
    62. Jack, Sarah L. & Anderson, Alistair R., 2002. "The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 467-487, September.
    63. Dubois, Anna & Gadde, Lars-Erik, 2002. "Systematic combining: an abductive approach to case research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 55(7), pages 553-560, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rizomyliotis, Ioannis & Kastanakis, Minas N. & Giovanis, Apostolos & Konstantoulaki, Kleopatra & Kostopoulos, Ioannis, 2022. "“How mAy I help you today?” The use of AI chatbots in small family businesses and the moderating role of customer affective commitment," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 329-340.
    2. Elias Hadjielias & Michael Christofi & Shlomo Tarba, 2022. "Contextualizing small business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from small business owner-managers," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(4), pages 1351-1380, December.
    3. Andrea Calabrò & Mariateresa Torchia & Andreas Kallmuenzer & Hedi Yezza & Cheng Feng, 2023. "Transgenerational entrepreneurship in family firms: a configurational approach," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(7), pages 2535-2554, October.
    4. Georgiou, Thoukis & Papasolomou, Ioanna & Vrontis, Demetris & Thrassou, Alkis, 2023. "Market-oriented succession effectiveness in family business – Case-based evidence from Cyprus family-owned wine business," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    5. Battisti, Enrico & Nirino, Niccolò & Leonidou, Erasmia & Salvi, Antonio, 2023. "Corporate social responsibility in family firms: Can corporate communication affect CSR performance?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    6. Christou, Prokopis & Hadjielias, Elias & Simillidou, Aspasia & Kvasova, Olga, 2023. "The use of intelligent automation as a form of digital transformation in tourism: Towards a hybrid experiential offering," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 155(PB).
    7. Spielmann, Nathalie & Discua Cruz, Allan & Tyler, Beverly B. & Cerrato, Daniele, 2022. "Signaling stewardship and the value of family in a brand heritage Identity: A cross-cultural study of wineries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 35-45.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Siemieniako, Dariusz & Kubacki, Krzysztof & Mitręga, Maciej, 2021. "Inter-organisational relationships for social impact: A systematic literature review," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 453-469.
    2. Hadjielias, Elias & Christofi, Michael & Tarba, Shlomo, 2021. "Knowledge hiding and knowledge sharing in small family farms: A stewardship view," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 279-292.
    3. Teun Johannes Verhagen & Ester van der Voet & Benjamin Sprecher, 2021. "Alternatives for natural‐gas‐based heating systems: A quantitative GIS‐based analysis of climate impacts and financial feasibility," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(1), pages 219-232, February.
    4. Michael Lebacher & Paul W. Thurner & Göran Kauermann, 2021. "A dynamic separable network model with actor heterogeneity: An application to global weapons transfers," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 184(1), pages 201-226, January.
    5. Basco, Rodrigo & Suwala, Lech, 2021. "Spatial familiness and family spatialities—searching for fertile ground between family business and regional studies," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, pages 7-32.
    6. Adebola Rafiu, BAKARE, & Oluwashina Moruf, ADEBIYI, & Kafayat Oyinlade, MAHMOUD,, 2018. "Exploring The Legislative Framework Of The Nigerian National Assembly," Ilorin Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ilorin, vol. 20(1), pages 1-25, March.
    7. Brzustewicz, Paweł & Escher, Iwona & Hatami, Akram & Hermes, Jan & Keränen, Anne & Ulkuniemi, Pauliina, 2022. "Emergence of social impact in company–NGO relationships in corporate volunteering," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 62-75.
    8. Weng, Weizhe & Cobourn, Kelly M. & Kemanian, Armen R. & Boyle, Kevin J. & Shi, Yuning & Stachelek, Joseph & White, Charles, 2020. "Quantifying Co-Benefits of Water Quality Policies: An Integrated Assessment Model of Nitrogen Management," 2020 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, Kansas City, Missouri 304667, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    9. Ojansivu, Ilkka & Laari-Salmela, Sari & Hermes, Jan, 2022. "The social impact of the Nokia-Elcoteq business relationship: Examining the consequences of legitimating relationship norms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 193-206.
    10. Massimo Baù & Francesco Chirico & Daniel Pittino & Mikaela Backman & Johan Klaesson, 2019. "Roots to Grow: Family Firms and Local Embeddedness in Rural and Urban Contexts," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 43(2), pages 360-385, March.
    11. Wójcik, Piotr & Obłój, Krzysztof & Buono, Anthony F., 2022. "Addressing social concern through business-nonprofit collaboration: Microfoundations of a firm’s dynamic capability for social responsibility," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 119-139.
    12. Alinaghian, Leila & Razmdoost, Kamran, 2021. "How do social enterprises manage business relationships? A review of the literature and directions for future research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 488-498.
    13. Burton, Nicholas & Vu, Mai Chi & Cruz, Allan Discua, 2022. "Our social legacy will go on: Understanding outcomes of family SME succession through engaged Buddhism," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 105-118.
    14. William Tabor & Kristen Madison & Laura E. Marler & Franz W. Kellermanns, 2020. "The Effects of Spiritual Leadership in Family Firms: A Conservation of Resources Perspective," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 163(4), pages 729-743, May.
    15. Kimberly A. Eddleston & James J. Chrisman & Lloyd P. Steier & Jess H. Chua, 2010. "Governance and Trust in Family Firms: An Introduction," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 34(6), pages 1043-1056, November.
    16. Stefano Amato & Alessia Patuelli & Rodrigo Basco & Nicola Lattanzi, 2023. "Family Firms Amidst the Global Financial Crisis: A Territorial Embeddedness Perspective on Downsizing," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 183(1), pages 213-236, February.
    17. Ostertag, Felix & Hahn, Rüdiger & Ince, Inan, 2021. "Blended value co-creation: A qualitative investigation of relationship designs of social enterprises," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 428-445.
    18. Cox, Kevin C. & Lortie, Jason & Marshall, David R. & Kidwell, Roland E., 2022. "Beyond the balance Sheet: The effects of family influence on social performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 318-330.
    19. Bernhard Fabian Bichler & Andreas Kallmuenzer & Mike Peters & Tanja Petry & Thomas Clauss, 2022. "Regional entrepreneurial ecosystems: how family firm embeddedness triggers ecosystem development," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 15-44, January.
    20. Jörn H. Block & Christian O. Fisch & James Lau & Martin Obschonka & André Presse, 2019. "How Do Labor Market Institutions Influence the Preference to Work in Family Firms? A Multilevel Analysis Across 40 Countries," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 43(6), pages 1067-1093, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:139:y:2022:i:c:p:584-601. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.