IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecanpo/v86y2025icp475-493.html

Asymmetric nexus of green energy inclusion and green trade spillover effects on economic growth: Insights from China's experience for EAC-6

Author

Listed:
  • Gakuru, Elias
  • Yang, Shaohua
  • Yang, Ling
  • Wang, Yuting
  • Adegboyo, Olufemi Samuel
  • Ndayambaje, J․D
  • Hussain, Chaudhary Saad Ullah

Abstract

The quick progress of green energy solutions has led to increased academic focus on their economic consequences. This study provides a comparative study regarding the asymmetric nexus among the novel green energy inclusivity index (IGE), novel green trade spillover effects (GTS), and economic growth. The analysis employed a non-linear autoregressive distributed lagged model (NARDL) and asymmetric causality test using data from 1990 to 2022 in the China and East Africa Community (EAC-6). The findings revealed a pronounced asymmetric convergence across the variables in both countries, with IGE and GTS negative shocks having a stronger impact than positive ones. In insights from China's Experience for EAC, while these results keep robust after conducting quantile regressions and other robust checks, in China both novel green energy inclusivity and novel green trade spillover effects positive shocks have a stronger effect on economic growth than EAC for both short and long terms. Furthermore, the feedback green energy-led growth hypothesis and the feedback green trade spillover effects-led growth hypothesis are confirmed in both countries. As a lesson learned, this study suggests the EAC countries take note of China's emphasis on developing a robust domestic manufacturing and supply chain for renewable energy technologies to potentially enhance more sustainable growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Gakuru, Elias & Yang, Shaohua & Yang, Ling & Wang, Yuting & Adegboyo, Olufemi Samuel & Ndayambaje, J․D & Hussain, Chaudhary Saad Ullah, 2025. "Asymmetric nexus of green energy inclusion and green trade spillover effects on economic growth: Insights from China's experience for EAC-6," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 475-493.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecanpo:v:86:y:2025:i:c:p:475-493
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2025.03.028
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0313592625001018
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eap.2025.03.028?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shantong Li & Huijiong Wang & JianWu He, 2016. "Analysis of implementation of China ' s 12th Five Year Plan and prospects of its next five years," Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(1), pages 40-59, February.
    2. Herrero, Carmen & Pineda, José & Villar, Antonio & Zambrano, Eduardo, 2020. "Tracking progress towards accessible, green and efficient energy: The Inclusive Green Energy index," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    3. Chepkoech, Winifred & Stöber, Silke & Kurgat, Barnabas K. & Bett, Hillary K. & Mungai, Nancy W. & Lotze-Campen, Hermann, 2023. "What drives diversity in climate change adaptation strategies for African indigenous vegetable production in Kenya?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 716-728.
    4. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    5. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Istihak Rayhan & Nahid Sultana, 2023. "How Does Electricity Affect Economic Growth? Examining the Role of Government Policy to Selected Four South Asian Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-17, February.
    6. Luqman, Muhammad & Ahmad, Najid & Bakhsh, Khuda, 2019. "Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan: Evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1299-1309.
    7. Li, Jiaman & Dong, Kangyin & Dong, Xiucheng & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2022. "How green trade influences pollution emissions in China: A provincial perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    8. Gong, Binlei, 2018. "Agricultural reforms and production in China: Changes in provincial production function and productivity in 1978–2015," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 18-31.
    9. Koenker, Roger W & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1978. "Regression Quantiles," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(1), pages 33-50, January.
    10. ., 2023. "The economic effects of financial development," Chapters, in: Financialisation, chapter 3, pages 51-71, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    11. Ding, Xiuying & Liu, Xuemei, 2023. "Renewable energy development and transportation infrastructure matters for green economic growth? Empirical evidence from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 634-646.
    12. Mohsin, Muhammad & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2022. "Nexus between financial development and energy poverty in Latin America," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    13. Xuesong Li & Ming Feng & Binbin Zhang & Hongju Wang & Shuangshuang Li, 2023. "Overall Evaluation and Main Experiences of the Implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan," Springer Books, in: Fuzhan Xie & Fang Cai & Xuesong Li (ed.), The New Journey of China’s Economic and Social Development, chapter 0, pages 23-46, Springer.
    14. Namahoro, Jean Pierre & Wu, Qiaosheng & Xiao, Haijun & Zhou, Na, 2021. "The asymmetric nexus of renewable energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Rwanda," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 336-346.
    15. Osman, Mohamed & Gachino, Geoffrey & Hoque, Ariful, 2016. "Electricity consumption and economic growth in the GCC countries: Panel data analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 318-327.
    16. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Jiao, Zhilun & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2020. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    17. Chang, Tsangyao & Gupta, Rangan & Inglesi-Lotz, Roula & Simo-Kengne, Beatrice & Smithers, Devon & Trembling, Amy, 2015. "Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1405-1412.
    18. Sinha, Avik & Bekiros, Stelios & Hussain, Nazim & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Khan, Sana Akbar, 2023. "How social imbalance and governance quality shape policy directives for energy transition in the OECD countries?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    19. Harris, R. I. D., 1992. "Testing for unit roots using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test : Some issues relating to the size, power and the lag structure of the test," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 381-386, April.
    20. Yuan, Shengyun & Li, Changhao & Wang, Mingyang & Wu, Hao & Chang, Lei, 2023. "A way toward green economic growth: Role of energy efficiency and fiscal incentive in China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 599-609.
    21. Aslam, Naveed & Yang, Wanping & Saeed, Rabia & Ullah, Fahim, 2024. "Energy transition as a solution for energy security risk: Empirical evidence from BRI countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    22. Nie, Peng & Li, Qiaoge & Sousa-Poza, Alfonso, 2021. "Energy poverty and subjective well-being in China: New evidence from the China Family Panel Studies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    23. Yang, Zhenbing & Shao, Shuai & Fan, Meiting & Yang, Lili, 2021. "Wage distortion and green technological progress: A directed technological progress perspective," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    24. Nam, Hyun-Jung & Ryu, Doojin, 2024. "Does trade openness promote economic growth in developing countries?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    25. Zhang, Yongji & Liu, Lingxi & Lan, Minghui & Su, Zhi & Wang, Ke, 2024. "Climate change and economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from major countries around the world," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1045-1060.
    26. ., 2023. "Financial development: concept and measurement," Chapters, in: Financialisation, chapter 2, pages 22-50, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    27. Yang, Zhenbing & Shao, Shuai & Li, Chengyu & Yang, Lili, 2020. "Alleviating the misallocation of R&D inputs in China's manufacturing sector: From the perspectives of factor-biased technological innovation and substitution elasticity," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    28. Mohsin, Muhammad & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Panthamit, Nisit & Anwar, Saba & Abbas, Qaiser & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Developing Low Carbon Finance Index: Evidence From Developed and Developing Economies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    29. Gakuru, Elias & Yang, Shaohua & Namahoro, J.P. & Nie, Peng & Bunje, Madinatou Yeh & Aslam, Naveed, 2024. "Energy-focused green climate policies and trade nexus:Do heterogeneous effects on clean energy poverty matter?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    30. Mr. Ashvin Ahuja & Mr. Malhar S Nabar, 2012. "Investment-Led Growth in China: Global Spillovers," IMF Working Papers 2012/267, International Monetary Fund.
    31. Bulut, Umit & Muratoglu, Gonul, 2018. "Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 240-250.
    32. Jiao, Lei & Zhou, Dongjie & Xu, Runguo, 2024. "Resource dynamics and economic expansion: Unveiling the asymmetric effects of natural resources and FDI on economic growth with a lens on energy efficiency," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    33. Li, Wei & Hao, Ni & Lu, Can, 2023. "A PVAR dynamic correlation appraisal of China’s carbon emissions in conjunction with economic growth and clean energy use," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    34. Shantong Li & Huijiong Wang & JianWu He, 2016. "Analysis of implementation of China ' s 12th Five Year Plan and prospects of its next five years," Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(1), pages 40-59, February.
    35. Chen, Chaoyi & Pinar, Mehmet & Stengos, Thanasis, 2020. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    36. Bai, Xiao & Wang, Kuan-Ting & Tran, Trung Kien & Sadiq, Muhammad & Trung, Lam Minh & Khudoykulov, Khurshid, 2022. "Measuring China’s green economic recovery and energy environment sustainability: Econometric analysis of sustainable development goals," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 768-779.
    37. Duan, Hongbo & Yuan, Deyu & Cai, Zongwu & Wang, Shouyang, 2022. "Valuing the impact of climate change on China’s economic growth," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 155-174.
    38. Ghahreman Abdoli & Yazdan Gudarzi Farahani & Seyedmasood Dastan, 2015. "Electricity consumption and economic growth in OPEC countries: a cointegrated panel analysis," OPEC Energy Review, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, vol. 39(1), pages 1-16, March.
    39. Koçak, Emrah & Şarkgüneşi, Aykut, 2017. "The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 51-57.
    40. Liu, Junxia, 2019. "China's renewable energy law and policy: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 212-219.
    41. Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
    42. Deka, Abraham & Ozdeser, Huseyin & Seraj, Mehdi, 2023. "The impact of primary energy supply, effective capital and renewable energy on economic growth in the EU-27 countries. A dynamic panel GMM analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    43. Capucine Nobletz, 2022. "Green energy indices & financial markets: An in-depth look," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 171, pages 80-109.
    44. Capucine Nobletz, 2022. "Green energy indices & financial markets: An in-depth look," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 170, pages 80-109.
    45. Abdulnasser Hatemi-J, 2012. "Asymmetric causality tests with an application," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 43(1), pages 447-456, August.
    46. ., 2023. "From financial development to financialisation," Chapters, in: Financialisation, chapter 4, pages 72-98, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    47. Long, Shaobo & Zhang, Rui, 2022. "The asymmetric effects of international oil prices, oil price uncertainty and income on urban residents’ consumption in China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 789-805.
    48. Furuoka, Fumitaka, 2017. "Renewable electricity consumption and economic development: New findings from the Baltic countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 450-463.
    49. Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Dong, Kangyin & Zhao, Congyu & Phoumin, Han, 2023. "Can financial and economic means accelerate renewable energy growth in the climate change era? The case of China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 730-743.
    50. Freund, Caroline & Bolaky, Bineswaree, 2008. "Trade, regulations, and income," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 309-321, October.
    51. Ali, Qamar & Raza, Ali & Narjis, Saadia & Saeed, Sahrish & Khan, Muhammad Tariq Iqbal, 2020. "Potential of renewable energy, agriculture, and financial sector for the economic growth: Evidence from politically free, partly free and not free countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 934-947.
    52. Nobletz, Capucine, 2022. "Green energy indices & financial markets: An in-depth look," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 80-109.
    53. Apergis, Nicholas & Chang, Tsangyao & Gupta, Rangan & Ziramba, Emmanuel, 2016. "Hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a panel of ten largest hydroelectricity consumers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 318-325.
    54. ., 2023. "Finance, institutions and economic development," Chapters, in: Macroeconomics for Development, chapter 3, pages 30-47, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    55. Saba, Charles Shaaba, 2023. "Nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, militarisation, and economic growth in South Africa: Evidence from using novel dynamic ARDL simulations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 349-365.
    56. Aydin, Mucahit, 2019. "Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption–economic growth nexus: Evidence from OECD countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 599-606.
    57. Long, Shaobo & Pei, Hongxia & Tian, Hao & Li, Fangfang, 2021. "Asymmetric impacts of economic policy uncertainty, capital cost, and raw material cost on China’s investment," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 129-144.
    58. Mohsin, Muhammad & Ullah, Hafeez & Iqbal, Nadeem & Iqbal, Wasim & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad, 2021. "How external debt led to economic growth in South Asia: A policy perspective analysis from quantile regression," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 423-437.
    59. Vu Manh Hoai Nguyen & Tin Huu Ho & Luan Huynh Nguyen & An Thi Ha Pham, 2023. "The Impact of Trade Openness on Economic Stability in Asian Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-20, July.
    60. Wen, Jun & Yin, Hua-Tang & Chang, Chun-Ping & Tang, Kai, 2024. "How AI shapes greener futures: Comparative insights from equity vs debt investment responses in renewable energy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yang, Shaohua & Gakuru, Elias & Wang, Yuting, 2025. "Can green trade promotion lessen energy poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? The role of macroeconomic performance index," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 2103-2125.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Namahoro, Jean Pierre & Wu, Qiaosheng & Xiao, Haijun & Zhou, Na, 2021. "The asymmetric nexus of renewable energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Rwanda," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 336-346.
    2. Marques, António Cardoso & Fuinhas, José Alberto & Neves, Sónia Almeida, 2018. "Ordinary and Special Regimes of electricity generation in Spain: How they interact with economic activity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1226-1240.
    3. Akan, Taner & Gündüz, Halil İbrahim & Emirmahmutoğlu, Furkan & Işık, Ali Haydar, 2023. "Disaggregating renewable energy-growth nexus: W-ARDL and W-Toda-Yamamoto approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    4. Chen, Chaoyi & Pinar, Mehmet & Stengos, Thanasis, 2021. "Determinants of renewable energy consumption: Importance of democratic institutions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 75-83.
    5. Azimi, Mohammad Naim & Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur & Maraseni, Tek, 2025. "Powering progress: The interplay of energy security and institutional quality in driving economic growth," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 378(PA).
    6. Villanthenkodath, Muhammed Ashiq & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar, 2021. "Does economic growth respond to electricity consumption asymmetrically in Bangladesh? The implication for environmental sustainability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    7. Abdul Rehman & Hengyun Ma & Magdalena Radulescu & Crenguta Ileana Sinisi & Loredana Maria Paunescu & MD Shabbir Alam & Rafael Alvarado, 2021. "The Energy Mix Dilemma and Environmental Sustainability: Interaction among Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Urban Agglomeration, and Economic Growth," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-21, November.
    8. Ma. Joy V. Abrenica & Anthony G. Sabarillo, 2024. "How might China-US industrial policies affect the Philippines?: a quantitative exercise," Philippine Review of Economics, University of the Philippines School of Economics and Philippine Economic Society, vol. 61(2), pages 171-198, December.
    9. Najia Saqib & Haider Mahmood & Aamir Hussain Siddiqui & Muhammad Asif Shamim, 2022. "The Link between Economic Growth and Sustainable Energy in G7-Countries and E7-Countries: Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Threshold Model," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(5), pages 294-302, September.
    10. Seong-Hoon Lee & Yonghun Jung, 2018. "Causal dynamics between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in South Korea: Empirical analysis and policy implications," Energy & Environment, , vol. 29(7), pages 1298-1315, November.
    11. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sarwar, Suleman & Chen, Wei & Malik, Muhammad Nasir, 2017. "Dynamics of electricity consumption, oil price and economic growth: Global perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 256-270.
    12. Meshkatus Salehin & Judit T. Kiss, 2022. "Testing the Causal Relationship between Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from a Panel of EAGLE Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(1), pages 281-288.
    13. Liu, Fang & Zhou, Dequn & Ding, Hao & Wang, Qunwei, 2025. "Inhibit or promote: Nonlinear spatial impacts of renewable energy on economic growth in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    14. Wang, Lu & Ruan, Hang & Lai, Xiaodong & Li, Dongxin, 2024. "Economic extremes steering renewable energy trajectories: A time-frequency dissection of global shocks," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    15. Hongwen Jia & Shugang Fan & Miao Xia, 2023. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Countries along the Belt and Road," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-11, May.
    16. Yao Li & Yugang He, 2024. "Unraveling Korea’s Energy Challenge: The Consequences of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Use on Economic Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-29, March.
    17. World Bank, 2024. "Pacific Economic Update, March 2024," World Bank Publications - Reports 41160, The World Bank Group.
    18. Chen, Chaoyi & Pinar, Mehmet & Stengos, Thanasis, 2020. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    19. Qiang Wu & Yuhao Chen & Aoxue Wang, 2026. "Decarbonizing global value chains: the dual role of manufacturing servitization in export-implied carbon emissions – scale expansion vs. structural upgrading," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 1-29, February.
    20. Gamze Sart & Yilmaz Bayar & Marina Danilina, 2025. "The Effect of Economic Freedom, Indicators of Financial Sector Development, Income and Education on Renewable Energy Use: An Empirical Analysis of Post-Transition EU Member States," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-19, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • F1 - International Economics - - Trade
    • Q4 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy
    • D2 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations
    • E6 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ecanpo:v:86:y:2025:i:c:p:475-493. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/economic-analysis-and-policy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.