IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eco/journ2/2023-02-2.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Does Environmental Degradation-Led Remittances Flow? Nexus between Environmental Degradation, Uncertainty, Financial Inclusion and Remittances Inflows in India and China

Author

Listed:
  • Md. Qamruzzaman

    (School of Business and Economics, United International University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.)

Abstract

The motivation of the study is to gauge the role of economic policy uncertainty (EPU), environmental degradation (ED), and financial inclusion (FI) on remittances in India and China for the period 2003Q1-2022Q1. The study performed several econometrical tools such as both conventional and structural break unit root tests, long-run cointegration between variables investigative by performing the novel combined cointegration test, augmented autoregressive distributed lagged (AARDL) implemented for exploring long-run cointegration and explanatory variables magnfititutes on remittances both in the long-run and short-run and directional causality performed with Fourier TY causality test. Combined cointegration and the AARDL test ascertained the long-run association in the empirical equation. Refers to long-run coefficients of EPU, ED, and FI, it revealed a positive and statistically significant linkage with remittance inflows in the economy. In addition, the causality test reveals directional effects available between FDI, GLO, and remittances, but the direction differs from among economics. Furthermore, the study performed a robustness test by implementing dynamic OLS, fully modified OLS and CC regression and supported the earlier model established relationship, especially in the long-run the coefficients of EPU, ED, and FI.

Suggested Citation

  • Md. Qamruzzaman, 2023. "Does Environmental Degradation-Led Remittances Flow? Nexus between Environmental Degradation, Uncertainty, Financial Inclusion and Remittances Inflows in India and China," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 9-26, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:eco:journ2:2023-02-2
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/download/13995/7178
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/13995
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Matthieu Delpierre & Bertrand Verheyden, 2014. "Remittances, savings and return migration under uncertainty," IZA Journal of Migration and Development, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 3(1), pages 1-43, December.
    2. Ebenezer A. Olubiyi & Kubrat O. Kehinde, 2015. "Does Exchange Rate Affect Remittances in Nigeria?," The Review of Finance and Banking, Academia de Studii Economice din Bucuresti, Romania / Facultatea de Finante, Asigurari, Banci si Burse de Valori / Catedra de Finante, vol. 7(1), pages 031-045, June.
    3. Anindya Banerjee & Juan Dolado & Ricardo Mestre, 1998. "Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(3), pages 267-283, May.
    4. Ganlin Pu & Md. Qamruzzaman & Ahmed Muneeb Mehta & Farah Naz Naqvi & Salma Karim, 2021. "Innovative Finance, Technological Adaptation and SMEs Sustainability: The Mediating Role of Government Support during COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-27, August.
    5. Supriyo De & Ergys Islamaj & M. Ayhan Kose & S. Reza Yousefi, 2019. "Remittances over the business cycle: Theory and evidence," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 48(3), November.
    6. Kwiatkowski, Denis & Phillips, Peter C. B. & Schmidt, Peter & Shin, Yongcheol, 1992. "Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root : How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1-3), pages 159-178.
    7. Nazlioglu, Saban & Gormus, N. Alper & Soytas, Uğur, 2016. "Oil prices and real estate investment trusts (REITs): Gradual-shift causality and volatility transmission analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 168-175.
    8. Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
    9. Ralph Chami & Connel Fullenkamp & Samir Jahjah, 2005. "Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development?," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 52(1), pages 55-81, April.
    10. Wang, Zhaohua & Bui, Quocviet & Zhang, Bin & Nawarathna, Chulan Lasantha K. & Mombeuil, Claudel, 2021. "The nexus between renewable energy consumption and human development in BRICS countries: The moderating role of public debt," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 381-390.
    11. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    12. Andrew Ojede & Eddery Lam & Nicholas Okot, 2019. "Identifying macro-determinants of remittance flows to a developing country: The case of Uganda," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(4), pages 429-451, May.
    13. Boswijk, H. Peter, 1995. "Efficient inference on cointegration parameters in structural error correction models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 133-158, September.
    14. Yu, Jian & Shi, Xunpeng & Guo, Dongmei & Yang, Longjian, 2021. "Economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and firm carbon emissions: Evidence using a China provincial EPU index," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    15. Charles Mawusi, 2021. "Economic Uncertainty and Remittances to Developing Economies: A System GMM Approach," Working Papers hal-03147813, HAL.
    16. Azizi, SeyedSoroosh, 2018. "The impacts of workers' remittances on human capital and labor supply in developing countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 377-396.
    17. Mandira Sarma, 2008. "Index of Financial Inclusion," Working Papers id:1575, eSocialSciences.
    18. Vasia Panousi & Dimitris Papanikolaou, 2012. "Investment, Idiosyncratic Risk, and Ownership," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(3), pages 1113-1148, June.
    19. Cyn-Young Park & Rogelio Mercado, 2018. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, And Income Inequality," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 63(01), pages 185-206, March.
    20. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    21. Hayot Berk Saydaliyev & Lee Chin & Yessengali Oskenbayev, 2020. "The nexus of remittances, institutional quality, and financial inclusion," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(1), pages 3528-3544, January.
    22. Elliott, Graham & Rothenberg, Thomas J & Stock, James H, 1996. "Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(4), pages 813-836, July.
    23. Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes & Susan Pozo, 2006. "Migration, Remittances, and Male and Female Employment Patterns," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(2), pages 222-226, May.
    24. Lingyan Meng & Md Qamruzzaman & Anass Hamad Elneel Adow, 2021. "Technological Adaption and Open Innovation in SMEs: An Strategic Assessment for Women-Owned SMEs Sustainability in Bangladesh," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-22, March.
    25. El-Sakka, M. I. T. & McNabb, Robert, 1999. "The Macroeconomic Determinants of Emigrant Remittances," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1493-1502, August.
    26. Kim, Dai-Won & Yu, Jung-Suk & Hassan, M. Kabir, 2018. "Financial inclusion and economic growth in OIC countries," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1-14.
    27. Ben S. Bernanke, 1983. "Irreversibility, Uncertainty, and Cyclical Investment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 98(1), pages 85-106.
    28. Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
    29. Mandelman, Federico S., 2013. "Monetary and exchange rate policy under remittance fluctuations," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 128-147.
    30. Haryo Kuncoro, 2020. "The role of exchange rate in remittance inflows: Evidence from Indonesia," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 40(2), pages 1508-1521.
    31. Jude Eggoh & Chrysost Bangaké, 2021. "Remittances and Financial Inclusion: Does Financial Development Matter?," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 41(2), pages 374-386.
    32. Ambrosius, Christian & Cuecuecha, Alfredo, 2016. "Remittances and the Use of Formal and Informal Financial Services," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 80-98.
    33. Jonathan Brogaard & Andrew Detzel, 2015. "The Asset-Pricing Implications of Government Economic Policy Uncertainty," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(1), pages 3-18, January.
    34. Mita Bhattacharya & John Inekwe & Sudharshan Reddy Paramati, 2018. "Remittances and financial development: empirical evidence from heterogeneous panel of countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(38), pages 4099-4112, August.
    35. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    36. Muhammad Shahbaz & Naveed Aamir & Shaista Alam, 2009. "Is there any causality between human resource development and economic growth? A provincial case study on Pakistan," International Journal of Education Economics and Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 1(2), pages 179-200.
    37. Serena Ng & Pierre Perron, 2001. "LAG Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 69(6), pages 1519-1554, November.
    38. Muhammad Wasif Zafar & Muhammad Mansoor Saleem & Mehmet Akif Destek & Abdullah Emre Caglar, 2022. "The dynamic linkage between remittances, export diversification, education, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in top remittance‐receiving countries," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 165-175, February.
    39. Christian Bayer & Christoph Hanck, 2013. "Combining non-cointegration tests," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(1), pages 83-95, January.
    40. Hamdi Khalfaoui & Abdelkader Derbali, 2021. "Money creation process, banking performance and economic policy uncertainty: evidence from Tunisian listed banks," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 48(8), pages 1175-1190, May.
    41. Abdelkader Derbali & Lamia Jamel & Monia Ben Ltaifa & Ahmed K. Elnagar & Ali Lamouchi, 2020. "Fed and ECB: which is informative in determining the DCC between bitcoin and energy commodities?," Journal of Capital Markets Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 4(1), pages 77-102, August.
    42. Mirzosaid Sultonov, 2013. "The Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittance Flows from Russia to Tajikistan," Transition Studies Review, Springer;Central Eastern European University Network (CEEUN), vol. 19(4), pages 417-430, March.
    43. Abba Yadou Barnabé & Ningaye Paul & Bangake Chrysost, 2021. "Do remittances spur financial inclusion in Africa? a multi-dimensional approach," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 41(2), pages 328-341.
    44. Paresh Kumar Narayan, 2005. "The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(17), pages 1979-1990.
    45. Kishor Sharma, Badri Bhattarai, and Salma Ahmed, 2019. "Aid, Growth, Remittances and Carbon Emissions in Nepal," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 1).
    46. SeyedSoroosh Azizi, 2021. "The impacts of workers’ remittances on poverty and inequality in developing countries," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 969-991, February.
    47. Nazlioglu, Saban & Lebe, Fuat & Kayhan, Selim, 2011. "Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: Cross-sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel causality analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 6615-6621, October.
    48. Peter Boswijk, H., 1994. "Testing for an unstable root in conditional and structural error correction models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 37-60, July.
    49. Tajul Ariffin Masron & Yogeeswari Subramaniam, 2018. "Remittance and poverty in developing countries," International Journal of Development Issues, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 17(3), pages 305-325, June.
    50. Elena Bunduchi & Valentina Vasile & Calin-Adrian Comes & Daniel Stefan, 2019. "Macroeconomic determinants of remittances: evidence from Romania," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(35), pages 3876-3889, July.
    51. Johansen, Soren, 1991. "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(6), pages 1551-1580, November.
    52. Yongliang Zhang & Md. Qamruzzaman & Salma Karim & Ishrat Jahan, 2021. "Nexus between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRIC Nations: The Mediating Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-29, August.
    53. Shuhua Xu & Md. Qamruzzaman & Anass Hamadelneel Adow, 2021. "Is Financial Innovation Bestowed or a Curse for Economic Sustainably: The Mediating Role of Economic Policy Uncertainty," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
    54. Nancy Stokey, 2016. "Wait-and See: Investment Options under Policy Uncertainty," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 21, pages 246-265, July.
    55. SeyedSoroosh Azizi, 2020. "Impacts of remittances on financial development," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 47(3), pages 467-477, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Sylvia Kor & Md Qamruzzaman, 2023. "Nexus between FDI, Financial Development, Capital Formation and Renewable Energy Consumption; evidence from Bangladesh," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 129-145, November.
    2. Yupu Wang & Md. Qamruzzaman & Sylvia Kor, 2023. "Greening the Future: Harnessing ICT, Innovation, Eco-Taxes, and Clean Energy for Sustainable Ecology—Insights from Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression, Continuously Updated Fully Modified, and Cont," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-26, November.
    3. Nusrat Farzana & Md Qamruzzaman & Yeasmin Islam & Piana Monsur Mindia, 2023. "Nexus between Personal Remittances, Financial Deepening, Urbanization, and Renewable Energy Consumption in Selected Southeast Asian Countries: Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear Assessment," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 270-287, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yongliang Zhang & Md. Qamruzzaman & Salma Karim & Ishrat Jahan, 2021. "Nexus between Economic Policy Uncertainty and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRIC Nations: The Mediating Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-29, August.
    2. Yu Huan & Md. Qamruzzaman, 2022. "Innovation-Led FDI Sustainability: Clarifying the Nexus between Financial Innovation, Technological Innovation, Environmental Innovation, and FDI in the BRIC Nations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-26, November.
    3. Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Babu, M. Suresh & Loganathan, Nanthakumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Does financial development intensify energy consumption in Saudi Arabia?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1022-1034.
    4. Nathaniel Solomon Prince, 2021. "Natural Resources, Urbanisation, Economic Growth and the Ecological Footprint in South Africa: The Moderating Role of Human Capital," Quaestiones Geographicae, Sciendo, vol. 40(2), pages 63-76, June.
    5. Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Bekun, Festus Victor & Etokakpan, Mfonobong Udom & Driha, Oana M., 2019. "A road to enhancements in natural gas use in Iran: A multivariate modelling approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    6. Solomon Prince Nathaniel & Festus Bekun & Alimshan Faizulayev, 2021. "Modelling the Impact of Energy Consumption, Natural Resources, and Urbanization on Ecological Footprint in South Africa: Assessing the Moderating Role of Human Capital," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(3), pages 130-139.
    7. Hemachandra Padhan & Deepak Kumar Behera & Santosh Kumar Sahu & Umakant Dash, 2023. "Does Corruption Hinderance Economic Growth Despite Surge of Remittance and Capital Inflows Since Economic Liberalization in an Emerging Economy, India," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(1), pages 426-449, March.
    8. Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sahoo, Manoranjan, 2018. "Is crude oil price detrimental to domestic private investment for an emerging economy? The role of public sector investment and financial sector development in an era of globalization," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 307-324.
    9. Mariana Hatmanu & Cristina Cautisanu & Mihaela Ifrim, 2020. "The Impact of Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and European Business Climate on Economic Growth in Romania: An ARDL Approach with Structural Breaks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-23, April.
    10. Muhammad Ahad, 2017. "Impact of Financial Development on Trade Balance: An ARDL Cointegration and Causality Approach for Pakistan," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 18(5), pages 1199-1214, October.
    11. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sadorsky, Perry, 2016. "The role of globalization on the recent evolution of energy demand in India: Implications for sustainable development," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 52-68.
    12. Ayhan Orhan & Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Sema Yılmaz Genç & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2021. "Investigating the Linkage between Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability in India: Do Agriculture and Trade Openness Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-20, April.
    13. Muhammad Shahbaz & Ronald Ravinesh Kumar & Stanislav Ivanov & Nanthakumar Loganathan, 2017. "The nexus between tourism demand and output per capita with the relative importance of trade openness and financial development," Tourism Economics, , vol. 23(1), pages 168-186, February.
    14. Muhammad Shahbaz & Hrushikesh Mallick & Mantu Kumar Mahalik & Shawkat Hammoudeh, 2018. "Is globalization detrimental to financial development? Further evidence from a very large emerging economy with significant orientation towards policies," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(6), pages 574-595, February.
    15. Devi Prasad DASH & Debi Prasad BAL & Manoranjan SAHOO, 2016. "Nexus between defense expenditure and economic growth in BRIC economies: An empirical investigation," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(1(606), S), pages 89-102, Spring.
    16. Debi P Bal & Badri N Rath, 2019. "Nonlinear causality between crude oil price and exchange rate: A comparative study of China and India - A Reassessment," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 39(1), pages 592-604.
    17. Salma Karim & Md. Qamruzzaman & Ishrat Jahan, 2023. "Nexus between Government Debt, Globalization, FDI, Renewable Energy, and Institutional Quality in Bangladesh," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(3), pages 443-456, May.
    18. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Ur Rehman, Ijaz & Zainudin, Rozaimah, 2013. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Market Capitalization in Pakistan:Fresh Evidence from Cointegration with unknown Structural breaks," MPRA Paper 52490, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 24 Dec 2013.
    19. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hye, Qazi Muhammad Adnan & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Leitão, Nuno Carlos, 2013. "Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 109-121.
    20. Mary Oluwatoyin Agboola, 2021. "Female Labour Force Participation in Saudi Arabia and its Determinants," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 1, pages 135-152.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Remittances; Environmental degradation; Economic Policy Uncertainty; Financial Inclusion; Augmented ARDL;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F24 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Remittances
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • F24 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Remittances

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eco:journ2:2023-02-2. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Ilhan Ozturk (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.econjournals.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.