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It is all in the details: A bilateral approach for modelling trade agreements at the tariff line

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  • Yaghoob Jafari
  • Mihaly Himics
  • Wolfgang Britz
  • Jayson Beckman

Abstract

Policymakers are increasingly relying on computable general equilibrium (CGE) models to provide economy‐wide impacts of trade agreements; however, these assessments often make the simplifying assumption of complete bilateral tariff elimination. But agreements typically involve partial tariff elimination for sensitive sectors—which are often differentiated at the tariff line. As such, applying a uniform tariff reduction in a CGE sector that encompasses many products could introduce bias. We propose a tariff line approach for modelling exemptions for sensitive goods in CGE models with the aim of reducing this bias. This approach is tested for the Canada–EU trade agreement, and systematically compared to standard approaches to bilateral trade liberalisation in CGE analysis. We find that more common approaches might systematically overestimate trade and welfare impacts by neglecting partial liberalisation in selected sectors and/or not considering substitution across tariff lines. Les décideurs s'appuient de plus en plus sur des modèles d'équilibre général calculable (EGC) pour estimer les effets des accords commerciaux sur l'ensemble de l'économie. Cependant, ces évaluations considèrent souvent l'hypothèse simplificatrice d'une élimination complète des droits de douane entre les pays signataires. En pratique, ces accords incluent généralement des produits dits sensibles : le taux de protection final des lignes tarifaires concernées ne sera que partiellement (ou pas) supprimé. Dans les modèles EGC, la méthodologie classique consiste à traiter ces lignes tarifaires à l’extérieur du modèle et à agréger ensuite les tarifs finaux en secteurs compatibles avec la résolution du modèle. Pour réduire les biais potentiels de cette méthode, nous proposons une modélisation fine, au niveau des lignes tarifaires pour prendre en compte les exemptions des produits sensibles dans les modèles EGC. Nous testons notre approche en simulant l'accord commercial Canada‐UE et nous comparons systématiquement nos résultats aux approches standards des accords commerciaux dans la littérature EGC. Nous concluons que les approches plus utilisées pourraient systématiquement surestimer les effets sur le commerce et le bien‐être en négligeant la libéralisation partielle dans certains secteurs et/ou en ne considérant pas les substitutions possibles au niveau des lignes tarifaires.

Suggested Citation

  • Yaghoob Jafari & Mihaly Himics & Wolfgang Britz & Jayson Beckman, 2021. "It is all in the details: A bilateral approach for modelling trade agreements at the tariff line," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(3), pages 415-442, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:69:y:2021:i:3:p:415-442
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12271
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Oliveira, Paulo Felipe & Cordeiro, Pedro Antero, 2023. "Trade policy analysis in Brazil: Assessing welfare impacts with revised Armington elasticities," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).

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