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Milked and Feathered: The Regressive Welfare Effects of Canada's Supply Management Regime

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  • Ryan Cardwell
  • Chad Lawley
  • Di Xiang

Abstract

The production and trade of dairy and poultry products in Canada are controlled by a system of supply management (SM). Output is regulated with production quotas, and imports are restricted through a system of tariff-rate quotas. Many of Canada's trading partners are seeking better access to Canadian dairy and poultry markets in negotiations over proposed preferential trade agreements. These pressures have renewed debate about the future of SM in Canada. We investigate one criticism of SM: that high prices for dairy and poultry products impose regressive distributional effects on Canadian consumers. We apply the Exact Affine Stone Index demand model to data from the Canadian Food Expenditure Survey to estimate consumer responses to price changes for dairy and poultry products. Parameters from the demand model are used to generate welfare comparisons between the current SM regime and a counterfactual liberalized market. Canada's SM policies are highly regressive, imposing a burden of approximately 2.3 percent ($339) of income per year on the poorest households, compared to 0.5 percent ($554) for the richest households. The burden is larger for households with children.

Suggested Citation

  • Ryan Cardwell & Chad Lawley & Di Xiang, 2015. "Milked and Feathered: The Regressive Welfare Effects of Canada's Supply Management Regime," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 41(1), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpp:issued:v:41:y:2015:i:1:p:1-14
    DOI: 10.3138/cpp.2013-062
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    Cited by:

    1. Richard J Vyn & James Rude, 2020. "The Influence of Supply Management on Farmland Values in Ontario," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 42(4), pages 815-834, December.
    2. Pierre Desrochers & Vincent Geloso & Alexandre Moreau, 2018. "Supply management and household poverty in Canada," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 65(2), pages 231-240, June.
    3. Jade Dostie & Maurice Doyon & Laure Saulais, 2023. "Création d’un outil de mesure de la littératie concernant la gestion de l’offre et d’évaluation de son impact," CIRANO Working Papers 2023s-16, CIRANO.
    4. Moss Charles B. & Schmitz Andrew, 2021. "Distributional Weights in Benefit-Cost Analysis: Examples from Rwanda and Uganda," Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, De Gruyter, vol. 19(1), pages 15-24, May.
    5. Ryan Cardwell & Chad Lawley, 2025. "What explains public support for Canada's supply management regime?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(2), pages 580-608, May.
    6. Maurice Doyon & Stéphane Bergeron & Lota Tamini, 2017. "Policy relevance of applied economist: Examining sensitivity and inferences," CIRANO Working Papers 2017s-12, CIRANO.
    7. Eugene Beaulieu & V. Balaji Venkatachalam, 2018. "NAFTA Renegotiations: An Opportunity for Canadian Dairy?," SPP Research Papers, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, vol. 11(10), March.
    8. G. Cornelis van Kooten, 2020. "Reforming Canada's Dairy Sector: USMCA and the Issue of Compensation," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 42(3), pages 542-558, September.
    9. Wainio, John & Dyck, John & Meade, Birgit Gisela Saager & Mitchell, Lorrarine & Zahniser, Steven & Arita, Shawn & Beckman, Jayson F. & Burfisher, Mary E., 2014. "Agriculture in the Trans-Pacific Partnership," Economic Research Report 188429, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    10. Stavroula Malla & K. K. Klein & Taryn Presseau, 2020. "Have health claims affected demand for fats and meats in Canada?," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 68(3), pages 271-287, September.
    11. Brennan A. McLachlan & G. Cornelis van Kooten, 2022. "Reforming Canada's dairy supply management scheme and the consequences for international trade," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 70(1), pages 21-39, March.
    12. Colin A. Carter & Pierre Mérel, 2016. "Hidden costs of supply management in a small market," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 49(2), pages 555-588, May.
    13. Yaghoob Jafari & Mihaly Himics & Wolfgang Britz & Jayson Beckman, 2021. "It is all in the details: A bilateral approach for modelling trade agreements at the tariff line," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(3), pages 415-442, September.
    14. Alan P. Ker & Ryan Cardwell, 2021. "Introduction to the special issue on COVID‐19 and the Canadian agriculture and food sectors: Thoughts one year into the pandemic," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(2), pages 155-159, June.
    15. Derek G. Brewin, 2016. "Competition in Canada's Agricultural Value Chains: The Case of Grain," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 64(1), pages 5-19, March.
    16. Bruno Larue, 2018. "Economic Integration Reconsidered," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 66(1), pages 5-25, March.
    17. Jayson Beckman & Steven Zahniser, 2018. "The effects on intraregional agricultural trade of ending NAFTA's market access provisions," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 66(4), pages 599-612, December.

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