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Can financial incentives reduce the baby gap? Evidence from a reform in maternity leave benefits

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Cited by:

  1. Jac Thomas & Francisco Rowe & Paul Williamson & Eric S. Lin, 2022. "The effect of leave policies on increasing fertility: a systematic review," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-16, December.
  2. Emanuele Forlani & Elisabetta Lodigiani & Concetta Mendolicchio, 2021. "Natives and migrants in home production: the case of Germany," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1275-1307, December.
  3. Taiyo FUKAI & Takahiro TORIYABE, 2025. "Balancing family and career: The effect of public childcare on fertility in Japan," Discussion papers 25033, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  4. Corinna Frodermann & Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco, 2020. "Parental Leave Reform and Long-Run Earnings of Mothers," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1847, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  5. Giuseppe Pio Dachille & Maria De Paola & Roberto Nisticò, 2025. "Guaranteed Minimum Income and Fertility," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 2588, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  6. Baertsch, Laurenz & Sandner, Malte, 2025. "Reducing the child penalty by incentivizing maternal part-time work?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  7. Mathias Huebener & Jonas Jessen & Daniel Kuehnle & Michael Oberfichtner, 2025. "Parental Leave, Worker Substitutability and Firms’ Employment," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 135(669), pages 1467-1495.
  8. Kunze, Astrid, 2022. "Parental leave and maternal employment," Discussion Paper Series in Economics 1/2022, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics.
  9. Keane, Claire & Alamir, Anousheh & McGinnity, Frances & O'Shea, Richard & Russell, Helen, 2025. "Child Related Leave: Usage and Implications for Gender Equality," Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number JR12.
  10. Andra Hiriscau, 2024. "The Effect of Paid Maternity Leave on Fertility and Mothers’ Labor Force Participation," Journal of Labor Research, Springer, vol. 45(3), pages 350-384, September.
  11. Eric Schuss & Mohammed Azaouagh, 2021. "Combining parenthood and work: transmission channels and heterogeneous returns to early public childcare," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 641-676, September.
  12. Barbara Boelmann & Anna Raute & Uta Schönberg, 2020. "Wind of Change? Cultural Determinants of Maternal Labor Supply," Working Papers 914, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
  13. Dong, Xiaoqi & Liang, Yinhe & Zhang, Jiawei, 2023. "Fertility responses to the relaxation of migration restrictions: Evidence from the Hukou reform in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
  14. Sevrin Waights, 2022. "Parental Leave Benefits and Child Penalties," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 2016, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  15. Rapp, Thomas & Jena, Anupam B. & Costa-Font, Joan & Grabowski, David C., 2023. "Caregiving across generations: Do older adults with more grandchildren get another bite at the “sandwich” generation?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
  16. Dahl, Gordon & Loken, Katrine V., 2024. "Families, public policies, and the labor market," Handbook of Labor Economics,, Elsevier.
  17. Eric Schuss & Mohammed Azaouagh, 2023. "The expansion of early childcare and transitions to first and second birth in Germany," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(2), pages 476-507, April.
  18. Lalive, Rafael, 2021. "Mothers at Work: How Mandating Paid Maternity Leave Affects Employment, Earnings and Fertility," CEPR Discussion Papers 16418, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  19. Eleanor Golightly & Pamela Meyerhofer, 2022. "Does Paid Family Leave Cause Mothers to Have More Children? Evidence from California," Journal of Labor Research, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 203-238, June.
  20. Engel, Katherine & Morrissey, Taryn W., 2025. "The effect of New York State’s Paid Family and Medical Leave Program on birth outcomes," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
  21. Jie Zhang & Haoming Liu, 2023. "Differential fertility, school enrollment, and development," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(4), pages 2205-2240, October.
  22. Tuna Dökmeci & Carla Rainer & Alyssa Schneebaum, 2023. "Economic Security and Fertility: Evidence from the Mincome Experiment," Department of Economics Working Papers wuwp332, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department of Economics.
  23. Huebener, Mathias & Jessen, Jonas & Kühnle, Daniel & Oberfichtner, Michael, 2021. "A Firm-Side Perspective on Parental Leave," IZA Discussion Papers 14478, IZA Network @ LISER.
  24. Gordon B. Dahl & Runjing Lu & William Mullins, 2022. "Partisan Fertility and Presidential Elections," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 4(4), pages 473-490, December.
  25. Boelmann, Barbara & Raute, Anna & Schönberg, Uta, 2020. "Wind of Change? Cultural Determinants of Maternal Labor Supply," IAB-Discussion Paper 202030, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
  26. Micaela Bassford & Hayley Fisher, 2020. "The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Fertility Intentions," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 96(315), pages 402-430, December.
  27. Mathilde Sage, 2025. "Children are a Poor Women’s Wealth: How Inheritance Rights Affect Fertility," LIDAM Discussion Papers IRES 2025004, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES).
  28. Thomas Høgholm Jørgensen & Jakob Egholt Søgaard, 2021. "Welfare Reforms and the Division of Parental Leave," CEBI working paper series 21-09, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics. The Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality (CEBI).
  29. Nadia Myohl, 2024. "Till taxes keep us apart? The impact of the marriage tax on the marriage rate," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 31(2), pages 552-592, April.
  30. Astrid Kunze, 2022. "Parental leave and maternal labor supply," World of Labour, LISER, pages 279-279, June.
  31. Libertad González & Hosny Zoabi, 2021. "Does Paternity Leave Promote Gender Equality within Households?," CESifo Working Paper Series 9430, CESifo.
  32. Rodgers, Luke P., 2020. "The impact of paid family leave on household savings," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  33. Frodermann, Corinna & Wrohlich, Katharina & Zucco, Aline, 2023. "Parental Leave Policy and Long-run Earnings of Mothers," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 80, pages 1-13.
  34. Alessia Cafferata & Marwil J. Dávila-Fernández, 2024. "How robust is the natalist bias of pollution control?," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 337(3), pages 1111-1133, June.
  35. Nicolas Moreau, 2023. "The zero effect of income tax on the timing of birth: some evidence on French data," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 30(3), pages 757-783, June.
  36. González, Libertad & Trommlerová, Sofia, 2022. "Cash transfers before pregnancy and infant health," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  37. Timpe, Brenden, 2024. "The labor market impacts of America’s first paid maternity leave policy," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
  38. Kyeongkuk Kim & Sang-Hyop Lee & Timothy J. Halliday, 2023. "Paid childcare leave, fertility, and female labor supply in South Korea," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 21(4), pages 1433-1451, December.
  39. Tudor, Simona, 2020. "Financial incentives, fertility and early life child outcomes," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
  40. Elizabeth Brainerd & Olga Malkova, 2026. "How religion mediates the fertility response to maternity benefits," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 64(2), pages 508-532, April.
  41. Anne Hannusch, 2019. "Taxing Families: The Impact of Child-related Transfers on Maternal Labor Supply," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2019_067v3, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, revised May 2025.
  42. Jennifer Glass & Carolyn E. Waldrep, 2023. "Child Allowances and Work-Family Reconciliation Policies: What Best Reduces Child Poverty and Gender Inequality While Enabling Desired Fertility?," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 42(5), pages 1-57, October.
  43. Sophie-Charlotte Klose, 2020. "Identifying Latent Structures in Maternal Employment: Evidence on the German Parental Benefit Reform," Papers 2011.03541, arXiv.org.
  44. Fitzenberger, Bernd & Seidlitz, Arnim, 2024. "Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform," IZA Discussion Papers 16966, IZA Network @ LISER.
  45. Daniel Kamhoefer & Matthias Westphal, 2017. "Fertility Effects of College Education: Evidence from the German Educational Expansion," CINCH Working Paper Series 1705, Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Competent in Competition and Health.
  46. Kazunobu Muro, 2023. "Endogenous fertility cycles and childcare services," International Journal of Economic Theory, The International Society for Economic Theory, vol. 19(2), pages 221-247, June.
  47. Barbara Boelmann & Anna Raute & Uta Schönberg, 2020. "Wind of Change? Cultural Determinants of Maternal Labor Supply," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 2020, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  48. Jessen, Jonas & Jessen, Robin & Kluve, Jochen, 2019. "Punishing potential mothers? Evidence for statistical employer discrimination from a natural experiment," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 59, pages 164-172.
  49. Sarah H. Bana & Kelly Bedard & Maya Rossin‐Slater, 2020. "The Impacts of Paid Family Leave Benefits: Regression Kink Evidence from California Administrative Data," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(4), pages 888-929, September.
  50. Huebener, Mathias & Kuehnle, Daniel & Spiess, C. Katharina, 2019. "Parental leave policies and socio-economic gaps in child development: Evidence from a substantial benefit reform using administrative data," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 61.
  51. Canaan, Serena & Lassen, Anne Sophie & Rosenbaum, Philip & Steingrimsdottir, Herdis, 2022. "Maternity Leave and Paternity Leave: Evidence on the Economic Impact of Legislative Changes in High Income Countries," IZA Discussion Papers 15129, IZA Network @ LISER.
  52. Bernardus van Doornik & Dimas Fazio & Tarun Ramadorai & Janis Skrastins, 2024. "Housing and Fertility," Working Papers Series 612, Central Bank of Brazil, Research Department.
  53. Huber, Katrin, 2019. "The role of the career costs of children for the effect of public child care on fertility and maternal employment," Passauer Diskussionspapiere, Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe V-77-19, University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
  54. Elena Rey & Andreas Kyriacou & José I. Silva, 2021. "Maternity leave and female labor force participation: evidence from 159 countries," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 34(3), pages 803-824, July.
  55. Wrohlich, Katharina & Zucco, Aline, 2023. "15 Jahre Elterngeld: Auswirkungen und Reformoptionen," Working Paper Forschungsförderung 281, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf.
  56. Welteke, Clara & Wrohlich, Katharina, 2019. "Peer effects in parental leave decisions," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 146-163.
  57. Josefine Koebe & Jan Marcus, 2022. "The Length of Schooling and the Timing of Family Formation [Income Taxes and the Timing of Marital Decisions]," CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo Group, vol. 68(1), pages 1-45.
  58. Malte Sandner & Frederik Wiynck, 2023. "The Fertility Response to Cutting Child-Related Welfare Benefits," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 42(2), pages 1-29, April.
  59. Gordon Dahl & Katrine Loken, 2024. "Families, Public Policies, and the Labor Market," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 2423, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  60. repec:osf:socarx:yjveb_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  61. Anna Raute & Andrea Weber & Galina Zudenkova, 2022. "Can public policy increase paternity acknowledgement? Evidence from earnings-related parental leave," Working Papers 937, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
  62. Barbara Boelmann & Anna Raute & Uta Schönberg, 2021. "Wind of Change? Cultural Determinants of Maternal Labor Supply," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 090, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
  63. Allan Puur & Sanan Abdullayev & Martin Klesment & Mark Gortfelder, 2023. "Parental Leave and Fertility: Individual-Level Responses in the Tempo and Quantum of Second and Third Births," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 39(1), pages 1-28, December.
  64. Hanna Wang, 2025. "Fertility and Family Leave Policies in Germany: Optimal Policy Design in a Dynamic Framework," Working Papers 1507, Barcelona School of Economics.
  65. Lucie Giorgi & Eva Raiber, 2025. "For Better or for Babies: Fertility Constraints and Marriage in China," Working Papers hal-05273466, HAL.
  66. Josefine Koebe & Jan Marcus, 2020. "The Impact of the Length of Schooling on the Timing of Family Formation," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1896, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  67. Sanan Abdullayev & Allan Puur, 2024. "Varying responses to the introduction of earnings-related benefits: a study of 2004 parental leave reform in Estonia," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 41(4), pages 1-31, December.
  68. Girsberger, Esther Mirjam & Hassani-Nezhad, Lena & Karunanethy, Kalaivani & Lalive, Rafael, 2023. "Mothers at work: How mandating a short maternity leave affects work and fertility," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  69. Janna Bergsvik & Agnes Fauske & Rannveig Kaldager Hart, 2021. "Can Policies Stall the Fertility Fall? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi‐) Experimental Literature," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 47(4), pages 913-964, December.
  70. Reona Hagiwara, 2025. "Macroeconomic and welfare effects of family policy: cash transfers vs in-kind benefits," The Japanese Economic Review, Springer, vol. 76(2), pages 375-427, April.
  71. Rannveig Hart & Janna Bergsvik & Agnes Fauske & Wookun Kim, 2023. "Causal Analysis of Policy Effects on Fertility," Departmental Working Papers 2309, Southern Methodist University, Department of Economics.
  72. Shao‐Hsun Keng, 2024. "The Causal Effect of Financial Crisis and Its Long‐Run Impact on Fertility," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 100(329), pages 188-208, June.
  73. Tamm, Marcus, 2019. "Fathers’ parental leave-taking, childcare involvement and labor market participation," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 184-197.
  74. Regmi, Krishna & Wang, Le, 2022. "Maternity Leave," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1184, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
  75. Meng, Lina & Peng, Lu & Zhou, Yinggang, 2023. "Do housing booms reduce fertility intentions? Evidence from the new two-child policy in China," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
  76. Liu, Hong & Li, Jiaying & Song, Hong & Zou, Xianqiang, 2024. "Unintended consequences of maternity leave entitlements on female labor market outcomes in China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
  77. Priyanka Anand & Tamar Matiashvili & Maya Rossin-Slater, 2026. "Paid Caregiving Leave Policies and an Update on Paid Parental Leave," NBER Working Papers 34997, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  78. Frodermann, Corinna & Wrohlich, Katharina & Zucco, Aline, 2023. "Parental Leave Policy and Long-run Earnings of Mothers," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
  79. Claudia Hupkau & Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2022. "Work and children in Spain: challenges and opportunities for equality between men and women," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 243-268, May.
  80. Libertad González & Sofia Karina Trommlerová, 2023. "Cash Transfers and Fertility: How the Introduction and Cancellation of a Child Benefit Affected Births and Abortions," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 58(3), pages 783-818.
  81. Høgholm Jørgensen, Thomas & Egholt Søgaard, Jakob, 2024. "The division of parental leave: Empirical evidence and policy design," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
  82. Gema Lax-Martinez & Marco Le Moglie & Matteo Sandi, 2025. "Educated to Be Mothers? School Reform and Demographic Backlash," CESifo Working Paper Series 12251, CESifo.
  83. David E. Bloom & Michael Kuhn & Klaus Prettner, 2024. "Fertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 16(1), pages 159-184, August.
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