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Differential fertility, school enrollment, and development

Author

Listed:
  • Jie Zhang

    (Chongqing University
    National University of Singapore)

  • Haoming Liu

    (National University of Singapore
    IZA Institute of Labor Economics)

Abstract

This paper develops a model wherein parents choose the number of children, enroll some children in school at indivisible education costs, and receive supplemental earnings from uneducated children. The model accounts for the positive relationship between enrollment ratios and parental earnings and the N-shaped relationship between fertility and parental earnings in Brazil and Indonesia. When children’s living costs are high (low) relative to education costs and children’s earnings, fertility increases (decreases) with parental earnings due to a dominant income (substitution) effect. A decline in the ratio of child earnings to parental earnings or a rise in education subsidy rates can increase enrollment ratios and decrease fertility. Under progressive income taxes and favorable education subsidies for poor families, educated parents’ fertility could be higher than that of illiterate parents’ when incomes are low. However, the relationship will be reversed partially because of the rising education subsidy.

Suggested Citation

  • Jie Zhang & Haoming Liu, 2023. "Differential fertility, school enrollment, and development," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(4), pages 2205-2240, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:36:y:2023:i:4:d:10.1007_s00148-023-00954-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s00148-023-00954-0
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    School enrollment; Fertility differential; Growth; Demographic transition;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General

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