IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/usg/sfwpfi/201421.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector: Review and Directions for Future Research

Author

Listed:
  • Eling, Martin
  • Pankoke, David

Abstract

This paper reviews the extant research on systemic risk in the insurance sector and outlines new areas of research in this field. We summarize and classify 43 theoretical and empirical research papers from both academia and practitioner organizations. The survey reveals that traditional insurance activity in the life, non-life, and reinsurance sectors neither contributes to systemic risk, nor increases insurers’ vulnerability to impairments of the financial system. However, non-traditional activities (e.g., CDS underwriting) might increase vulnerability and life insurers might be more vulnerable than non-life insurers due to higher leverage. Whether non-traditional activities also contribute to systemic risk is not entirely clear; however, the activities with the potential to contribute to systemic risk include underwriting financial derivatives, providing financial guarantees, and short-term funding. This paper is of interest not only to academics, but is also highly relevant for the industry, regulators, and policymakers.

Suggested Citation

  • Eling, Martin & Pankoke, David, 2014. "Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector: Review and Directions for Future Research," Working Papers on Finance 1421, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
  • Handle: RePEc:usg:sfwpfi:2014:21
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://ux-tauri.unisg.ch/RePEc/usg/sfwpfi/WPF-1421.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andreas A Jobst, 2014. "Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector: A Review of Current Assessment Approaches," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 39(3), pages 440-470, July.
    2. Weiß, Gregor N.F. & Neumann, Sascha & Bostandzic, Denefa, 2014. "Systemic risk and bank consolidation: International evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 165-181.
    3. Frank Heyde & Ulrike Neyer, 2010. "Credit Default Swaps and the Stability of the Banking Sector-super-," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 10(s1), pages 27-61.
    4. Martin Eling & Hato Schmeiser, 2010. "Insurance and the Credit Crisis: Impact and Ten Consequences for Risk Management and Supervision," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 35(1), pages 9-34, January.
    5. Sylvain Benoît & Gilbert Colletaz & Christophe Hurlin & Christophe Pérignon, 2013. "A Theoretical and Empirical Comparison of Systemic Risk Measures," Working Papers halshs-00746272, HAL.
    6. Faisal Baluch & Stanley Mutenga & Chris Parsons, 2011. "Insurance, Systemic Risk and the Financial Crisis," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 36(1), pages 126-163, January.
    7. Elijah Brewer & Julapa Jagtiani, 2013. "How Much Did Banks Pay to Become Too-Big-To-Fail and to Become Systemically Important?," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 43(1), pages 1-35, February.
    8. Viral V. Acharya & Lasse H. Pedersen & Thomas Philippon & Matthew Richardson, 2017. "Measuring Systemic Risk," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(1), pages 2-47.
    9. Rob Kaas & Marc Goovaerts & Jan Dhaene & Michel Denuit, 2008. "Modern Actuarial Risk Theory," Springer Books, Springer, edition 2, number 978-3-540-70998-5, February.
    10. De Bandt, Olivier & Hartmann, Philipp, 2000. "Systemic risk: A survey," Working Paper Series 35, European Central Bank.
    11. Allen, William A. & Wood, Geoffrey, 2006. "Defining and achieving financial stability," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 2(2), pages 152-172, June.
    12. Billio, Monica & Getmansky, Mila & Lo, Andrew W. & Pelizzon, Loriana, 2012. "Econometric measures of connectedness and systemic risk in the finance and insurance sectors," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(3), pages 535-559.
    13. Huang, Xin & Zhou, Hao & Zhu, Haibin, 2009. "A framework for assessing the systemic risk of major financial institutions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 2036-2049, November.
    14. Robert Engle & Eric Jondeau & Michael Rockinger, 2015. "Systemic Risk in Europe," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(1), pages 145-190.
    15. Papanikolaou, Nikolaos I. & Wolff, Christian C.P., 2014. "The role of on- and off-balance-sheet leverage of banks in the late 2000s crisis," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 14(C), pages 3-22.
    16. Dimitrios Bisias & Mark Flood & Andrew W. Lo & Stavros Valavanis, 2012. "A Survey of Systemic Risk Analytics," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 4(1), pages 255-296, October.
    17. Löffler, Gunter & Raupach, Peter, 2013. "Robustness and informativeness of systemic risk measures," Discussion Papers 04/2013, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    18. Idier, Julien & Lamé, Gildas & Mésonnier, Jean-Stéphane, 2014. "How useful is the Marginal Expected Shortfall for the measurement of systemic exposure? A practical assessment," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 134-146.
    19. Bernal, Oscar & Gnabo, Jean-Yves & Guilmin, Grégory, 2014. "Assessing the contribution of banks, insurance and other financial services to systemic risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 270-287.
    20. Denis Kessler, 2014. "Why (Re)insurance is Not Systemic," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 81(3), pages 477-488, September.
    21. Adams, Zeno & Füss, Roland & Gropp, Reint, 2014. "Spillover Effects among Financial Institutions: A State-Dependent Sensitivity Value-at-Risk Approach," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 49(3), pages 575-598, June.
    22. Giovanni Calice & Christos Ioannidis & Julian Williams, 2012. "Credit Derivatives and the Default Risk of Large Complex Financial Institutions," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 42(1), pages 85-107, October.
    23. Thomas R. Berry-Stölzle & Gregory P. Nini & Sabine Wende, 2014. "External Financing in the Life Insurance Industry: Evidence From the Financial Crisis," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 81(3), pages 529-562, September.
    24. Hua Chen & J. David Cummins & Krupa S. Viswanathan & Mary A. Weiss, 2014. "Systemic Risk and the Interconnectedness Between Banks and Insurers: An Econometric Analysis," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 81(3), pages 623-652, September.
    25. Steven Pottier & David Sommer, 2002. "The Effectiveness of Public and Private Sector Summary Risk Measures in Predicting Insurer Insolvencies," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 21(1), pages 101-116, February.
    26. Martin Eling & Joan T Schmit, 2012. "Is There Market Discipline in the European Insurance Industry? An Analysis of the German Insurance Market," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 37(2), pages 180-207, September.
    27. Xin Huang & Hao Zhou & Haibin Zhu, 2012. "Systemic Risk Contributions," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 42(1), pages 55-83, October.
    28. Viral Acharya & Robert Engle & Matthew Richardson, 2012. "Capital Shortfall: A New Approach to Ranking and Regulating Systemic Risks," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(3), pages 59-64, May.
    29. Georges Dionne (ed.), 2013. "Handbook of Insurance," Springer Books, Springer, edition 2, number 978-1-4614-0155-1, February.
    30. J. David Cummins & Mary A. Weiss, 2009. "Convergence of Insurance and Financial Markets: Hybrid and Securitized Risk‐Transfer Solutions," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 76(3), pages 493-545, September.
    31. Scott E. Harrington, 2009. "The Financial Crisis, Systemic Risk, and the Future of Insurance Regulation," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 76(4), pages 785-819, December.
    32. Martin Eling & Nadine Gatzert & Hato Schmeiser, 2008. "The Swiss Solvency Test and its Market Implications," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 33(3), pages 418-439, July.
    33. Gary Gorton & Andrew Metrick, 2012. "Getting Up to Speed on the Financial Crisis: A One-Weekend-Reader's Guide," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 50(1), pages 128-150, March.
    34. Berdin, Elia & Sottocornola, Matteo, 2015. "Insurance activities and systemic risk," SAFE Working Paper Series 121, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
    35. Nikola Tarashev & Claudio Borio & Kostas Tsatsaronis, 2010. "Attributing systemic risk to individual institutions," BIS Working Papers 308, Bank for International Settlements.
    36. Berdin, Elia & Sottocornolay, Matteo, 2015. "Insurance activities and systemic risk," ICIR Working Paper Series 19/15, Goethe University Frankfurt, International Center for Insurance Regulation (ICIR).
    37. Frank Heyde & Ulrike Neyer, 2010. "Credit Default Swaps and the Stability of the Banking Sector," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 10(1), pages 27-61, March.
    38. Balla, Eliana & Ergen, Ibrahim & Migueis, Marco, 2014. "Tail dependence and indicators of systemic risk for large US depositories," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 15(C), pages 195-209.
    39. Epermanis, Karen & Harrington, Scott E., 2006. "Market Discipline in Property/Casualty Insurance: Evidence from Premium Growth Surrounding Changes in Financial Strength Ratings," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 38(6), pages 1515-1544, September.
    40. Wolfgang Bach & Tristan Nguyen, 2012. "On the Systemic Relevance of the Insurance Industry: Is a Macroprudential Insurance Regulation Necessary?," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 2(1), pages 1-6.
    41. Robert W Klein, 2012. "Principles for Insurance Regulation: An Evaluation of Current Practices and Potential Reforms," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 37(1), pages 175-199, January.
    42. AfDB AfDB, . "Annual Report 2012," Annual Report, African Development Bank, number 461.
    43. International Monetary Fund, 2011. "Possible Unintended Consequences of Basel III and Solvency II," IMF Working Papers 2011/187, International Monetary Fund.
    44. Christian Biener & Martin Eling, 2012. "Insurability in Microinsurance Markets: An Analysis of Problems and Potential Solutions," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 37(1), pages 77-107, January.
    45. Mathias Drehmann & Nikola Tarashev, 2011. "Systemic importance: some simple indicators," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
    46. van Lelyveld, Iman & Liedorp, Franka & Kampman, Manuel, 2011. "An empirical assessment of reinsurance risk," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 191-203, December.
    47. Sojung Carol Park & Xiaoying Xie, 2014. "Reinsurance and Systemic Risk: The Impact of Reinsurer Downgrading on Property–Casualty Insurers," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 81(3), pages 587-622, September.
    48. Monica Billio & Mila Getmansky & Andrew W. Lo & Loriana Pelizzon, 2010. "Econometric Measures of Systemic Risk in the Finance and Insurance Sectors," NBER Working Papers 16223, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    49. Axel P Lehmann & Daniel M Hofmann, 2010. "Lessons Learned from the Financial Crisis for Risk Management: Contrasting Developments in Insurance and Banking," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 35(1), pages 63-78, January.
    50. Drakos, Anastassios A. & Kouretas, Georgios P., 2015. "Bank ownership, financial segments and the measurement of systemic risk: An application of CoVaR," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 127-140.
    51. Robert DeYoung, 2012. "A Commentary on “Measuring Systemic Risk”," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 42(1), pages 109-114, October.
    52. Patro, Dilip K. & Qi, Min & Sun, Xian, 2013. "A simple indicator of systemic risk," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 105-116.
    53. Alan M. Taylor, 2012. "Global Financial Stability and the Lessons of History: A Review of Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff's This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 50(4), pages 1092-1105, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Borbála Szüle, 2019. "Systemic Risk Dimensions in the Hungarian Banking and Insurance Sector," Public Finance Quarterly, State Audit Office of Hungary, vol. 64(2), pages 260-276.
    2. de França Carvalho, João Vinícius & Guimarães, Acássio Silva, 2024. "Systemic risk assessment using complex networks approach: Evidence from the Brazilian (re)insurance market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(PA).
    3. Philippe Deprez & Mario V. Wüthrich, 2016. "Macroprudential Insurance Regulation: A Swiss Case Study," Risks, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-30, December.
    4. Pankoke, David, 2014. "Sophisticated vs. Simple Systemic Risk Measures," Working Papers on Finance 1422, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
    5. Clemente, Gian Paolo & Cornaro, Alessandra, 2022. "A multilayer approach for systemic risk in the insurance sector," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    6. Anna Denkowska & Stanisław Wanat, 2020. "A Tail Dependence-Based MST and Their Topological Indicators in Modeling Systemic Risk in the European Insurance Sector," Risks, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-22, April.
    7. Thies R. Popp & Wiebke Nowack, 2020. "Resilience through the Financialisation of Risks? The Case of a Dairy System in Northwest Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-20, August.
    8. Shikha Khera & Divya, 2020. "Impact of IRDA Guidelines on Consumer Confidence in Life Insurance Market: Then and Now," Jindal Journal of Business Research, , vol. 9(2), pages 117-134, December.
    9. Anna Paulson & Richard Rosen, 2016. "The Life Insurance Industry and Systemic Risk: A Bond Market Perspective," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 8(1), pages 155-174, October.
    10. Heidinger, Dinah & Gatzert, Nadine, 2018. "Awareness, determinants and value of reputation risk management: Empirical evidence from the banking and insurance industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 106-118.
    11. Nadine Gatzert & Madeline Schubert, 2022. "Cyber risk management in the US banking and insurance industry: A textual and empirical analysis of determinants and value," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 89(3), pages 725-763, September.
    12. Fabiana Gómez & Jorge Ponce, 2018. "Systemic risk and insurance regulation," Documentos de trabajo 2018003, Banco Central del Uruguay.
    13. Irresberger, Felix & Bierth, Christopher & Weiß, Gregor N.F., 2017. "Size is everything: Explaining SIFI designations," Review of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 7-19.
    14. Kolari, James W. & López-Iturriaga, Félix J. & Sanz, Ivan Pastor, 2020. "Measuring systemic risk in the U.S. Banking system," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 646-658.
    15. John Weirstrass Muteba Mwamba & Ehounou Serge Eloge Florentin Angaman, 2021. "Modeling System Risk in the South African Insurance Sector: A Dynamic Mixture Copula Approach," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-17, May.
    16. Eckert, Christian & Gatzert, Nadine & Heidinger, Dinah, 2020. "Empirically assessing and modeling spillover effects from operational risk events in the insurance industry," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 72-83.
    17. Bijlsma, Melle & Vermeulen, Robert, 2016. "Insurance companies’ trading behaviour during the European sovereign debt crisis: Flight home or flight to quality?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 137-154.
    18. Zulu, Thulani & Manguzvane, Mathias Mandla & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2023. "Assessing the contribution of South African Insurance Firms to Systemic Risk," MPRA Paper 116815, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Gulnara Kaigorodova & Daria Alyakina & Guzel Pyrkova & Alfiya Mustafina, 2018. "Investment Activity of Insurers and the State Economic Growth," Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research (ELIT), vol. 14(4), pages 109-123.
    20. Bijlsma, Melle & Vermeulen, Robert, 2016. "Insurance companies’ trading behaviour during the European sovereign debt crisis: Flight home or flight to quality?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 137-154.
    21. Fabiana Gómez & Jorge Ponce, 2018. "Systemic Risk and Insurance Regulation †," Risks, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-12, July.
    22. Bofinger, Peter & Schnabel, Isabel & Feld, Lars P. & Schmidt, Christoph M. & Wieland, Volker, 2015. "Zukunftsfähigkeit in den Mittelpunkt. Jahresgutachten 2015/16 [Focus on Future Viability. Annual Report 2015/16]," Annual Economic Reports / Jahresgutachten, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, volume 127, number 201516.
    23. Jan Janku & Ondrej Badura, 2021. "Non-linear Effects of Market Concentration on the Underwriting Profitability of the Non-life Insurance Sector in Europe," Working Papers 2021/9, Czech National Bank.
    24. Reichel, Lukas & Schmeiser, Hato & Schreiber, Florian, 2021. "Sometimes more, sometimes less: Prudence and the diversification of risky insurance coverage," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 292(2), pages 770-783.
    25. Hans Pitlik & Thomas Url, 2020. "Schätzung der Kosten staatlicher Regularien in der österreichischen Versicherungsbranche," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 65933, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Pankoke, David, 2014. "Sophisticated vs. Simple Systemic Risk Measures," Working Papers on Finance 1422, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
    2. Silva, Walmir & Kimura, Herbert & Sobreiro, Vinicius Amorim, 2017. "An analysis of the literature on systemic financial risk: A survey," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 91-114.
    3. Bierth, Christopher & Irresberger, Felix & Weiß, Gregor N.F., 2015. "Systemic risk of insurers around the globe," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 232-245.
    4. Eling, Martin & Pankoke, David, 2012. "Systemic Risk in the Insurance Sector – What Do We Know?," Working Papers on Finance 1222, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
    5. Ellis, Scott & Sharma, Satish & Brzeszczyński, Janusz, 2022. "Systemic risk measures and regulatory challenges," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    6. Chang, Carolyn W. & Li, Xiaodan & Lin, Edward M.H. & Yu, Min-Teh, 2018. "Systemic risk, interconnectedness, and non-core activities in Taiwan insurance industry," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 273-284.
    7. Ebrahimi Kahou, Mahdi & Lehar, Alfred, 2017. "Macroprudential policy: A review," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 92-105.
    8. Mühlnickel, Janina & Weiß, Gregor N.F., 2015. "Consolidation and systemic risk in the international insurance industry," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 187-202.
    9. Dionne, Georges & Harrington, Scott, 2017. "Insurance and Insurance Markets," Working Papers 17-2, HEC Montreal, Canada Research Chair in Risk Management.
    10. Jokivuolle, Esa & Tunaru, Radu & Vioto, Davide, 2018. "Testing the systemic risk differences in banks," Research Discussion Papers 13/2018, Bank of Finland.
    11. Anna Denkowska & Stanisław Wanat, 2020. "A Tail Dependence-Based MST and Their Topological Indicators in Modeling Systemic Risk in the European Insurance Sector," Risks, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-22, April.
    12. Anna Paulson & Richard Rosen, 2016. "The Life Insurance Industry and Systemic Risk: A Bond Market Perspective," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 8(1), pages 155-174, October.
    13. Sylvain Benoît & Gilbert Colletaz & Christophe Hurlin & Christophe Pérignon, 2013. "A Theoretical and Empirical Comparison of Systemic Risk Measures," Working Papers halshs-00746272, HAL.
    14. Kubitza, Christian & Gründl, Helmut, 2016. "Systemic risk: Time-lags and persistence," ICIR Working Paper Series 20/16, Goethe University Frankfurt, International Center for Insurance Regulation (ICIR).
    15. Dungey, Mardi & Luciani, Matteo & Veredas, David, 2018. "Systemic risk in the US: Interconnectedness as a circuit breaker," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 305-315.
    16. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2018_013 is not listed on IDEAS
    17. Varotto, Simone & Zhao, Lei, 2018. "Systemic risk and bank size," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 45-70.
    18. Garcia-Jorcano, Laura & Sanchis-Marco, Lidia, 2021. "Systemic-systematic risk in financial system: A dynamic ranking based on expectiles," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 330-365.
    19. Löffler, Gunter & Raupach, Peter, 2013. "Robustness and informativeness of systemic risk measures," Discussion Papers 04/2013, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    20. Olivier de Bandt & Jean-Cyprien Héam & Claire Labonne & Santiago Tavolaro, 2015. "La mesure du risque systémique après la crise financière," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 66(3), pages 481-500.
    21. Bernardi, Mauro & Maruotti, Antonello & Petrella, Lea, 2017. "Multiple risk measures for multivariate dynamic heavy–tailed models," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1-32.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Systemic Risk; Insurance; Solvency II; Financial Crisis;
    All these keywords.

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:usg:sfwpfi:2014:21. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: the person in charge (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cfisgch.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.