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Gross Earning Inequalities in OECD Countries and Major Non-member Economies: Determinants and Future Scenarios

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  • Henrik Braconier

    (OECD)

  • Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela

    (OECD)

Abstract

Income and earning inequality has been on the rise in most of the OECD and in many emerging economies since the 1980s. This paper estimates a model of earnings inequality across OECD countries that incorporates determinants of relative demand and supply of more and less-skilled labour. Drawing on OECD data we find that skill-biased technological change – measured as a common cross-country time trend and the level of multi factor productivity – has been the key driver in increasing earning differentials. The analysis also shows that educational attainment has mitigated the impact of skill-biased technological change on earning differentials, but has in most countries been unable to fully compensate. In line with previous OECD analysis, changes in structural policies and labour market institutions, such as deregulation of product and labour markets have exerted upward pressure on inequality. The estimated model is used to decompose historical changes in earning differentials and to construct forward looking scenarios up to 2060. If the common cross-country trend of skill-biased technological change observed during the last 25 years prevails, earning differentials will on average increase by almost 30% in the OECD by 2060. Finally, the model is used to simulate the consequences of alternative policy scenarios over the coming 50 years. Inégalités de revenus dans les pays de l'OCDE et les grandes économies non membres : Facteurs déterminants et scénarios futurs Les inégalités de revenus se creusent dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE et nombre d’économies émergentes depuis les années 1980. Dans ce document, on évalue un modèle des inégalités de revenu intégrant les déterminants de l’offre et de la demande relatives de main d’oeuvre plus qualifiée et moins qualifiée. En analysant la base des données de l’OCDE, on observe que le changement technologique– mesuré comme un effet temporel commun à tous les pays – et le niveau de productivité multifactorielle ont été les principaux moteurs du creusement des écarts de rémunération. L’analyse montre également que le niveau de formation a atténué l’effet du changement technologique sur les écarts de revenus, mais que dans de nombreux pays, il n’a pas suffi à le compenser. Comme l’indiquent de précédentes analyses de l’OCDE, les évolutions des politiques structurelles et des institutions du marché du travail (déréglementation des marchés des produits et du travail notamment) ont exercé une pression à la hausse sur l’inégalité. Le modèle évalué est employé pour décomposer les évolutions historiques des écarts de revenus et pour élaborer des scénarios prospectifs à l’horizon 2060. Si le changement technologique valorisant les compétences observé au cours des 25 dernières années persiste, les écarts de revenus se creuseront de près de 30 % en moyenne d’ici à 2060 dans l’OCDE. Le modèle est par ailleurs utilisé pour simuler les conséquences de scénarios différents dans les 50 prochaines années.

Suggested Citation

  • Henrik Braconier & Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2014. "Gross Earning Inequalities in OECD Countries and Major Non-member Economies: Determinants and Future Scenarios," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1139, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1139-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123k7s8bv-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Orsetta Causa & Alain de Serres & Nicolas Ruiz, 2015. "Can pro-growth policies lift all boats?: An analysis based on household disposable income," OECD Journal: Economic Studies, OECD Publishing, vol. 2015(1), pages 227-268.
    2. Oliver Denk & Boris Cournède, 2015. "Finance and income inequality in OECD countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1224, OECD Publishing.
    3. Stossberg Sibylle & Blöchliger Hansjörg, 2017. "Fiscal Decentralisation and Income Inequality: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 237(3), pages 225-273, June.
    4. Jan Stráský, 2016. "Priorities for completing the European Union's Single Market," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1315, OECD Publishing.
    5. Mike Pennock, 2016. "Slower Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being in the Canadian Context: A Discussion Paper," CSLS Research Reports 2016-09, Centre for the Study of Living Standards.
    6. Orsetta Causa & Alain de Serres & Nicolas Ruiz, 2015. "Structural reforms and income distribution," OECD Economic Policy Papers 13, OECD Publishing.
    7. Orsetta Causa & Mikkel Hermansen & Nicolas Ruiz, 2016. "The Distributional Impact of Structural Reforms," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1342, OECD Publishing.
    8. Bournakis, Ioannis & Mallick, Sushanta, 2018. "TFP estimation at firm level: The fiscal aspect of productivity convergence in the UK," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 579-590.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    changement technologique valorisant les compétences; earning inequalities; education; globalisation; institutions du marché du travail; inégalité des revenus; labour market institutions; mondialisation; product market regulation; réglementation des marchés de produits; skill-biased technological change; éducation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • F68 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Policy
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J38 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Public Policy
    • J58 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining - - - Public Policy
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • O38 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Government Policy

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