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The Rise and Fall of Global Currencies over Two Centuries

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  • Roger Vicquéry

Abstract

This paper quantifies the relative dominance of global currencies and the competitive structure of the international monetary system since 1825. I find the post-1945 experience of dollar hegemony to have no historical precedent. No currency has ever maintained such a large, long-lasting lead over global currency rivals. Close competitors frequently challenged the previous hegemon, the pound sterling. I confirm the dollar temporarily overtook the sterling for the first time in the mid-1920s. Among previously overlooked episodes of monetary competition, I highlight the rise of the French franc in the 1850s and 1930s as well as of the German mark in the 1870s. In light of the recent debate on the costs and benefits of a multipolar international monetary system, I document a positive correlation between higher global currency competition and the prevalence of financial crises, which is however highly dependent on specific sub-periods.

Suggested Citation

  • Roger Vicquéry, 2022. "The Rise and Fall of Global Currencies over Two Centuries," Working papers 882, Banque de France.
    • Handle: RePEc:bfr:banfra:882
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Agnes Solti, 2024. "The Bretton Woods System as the Cornerstone of the United States' Hegemony," Financial and Economic Review, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary), vol. 23(2), pages 186-204.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    International Monetary System; Long Run; Dollar Hegemony; Multipolarity;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F3 - International Economics - - International Finance
    • F4 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
    • N2 - Economic History - - Financial Markets and Institutions
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

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