Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes
Top JEL
/ O: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
/ / O3: Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
/ / / O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
This JEL code is mentioned in the following RePEc Biblio entries:
2009
- Harmaakorpi, Vesa & Hermans, Raine & Uotila, Tuomo, 2009, "Suomalaisen innovaatiojärjestelmän mosaiikki - alueellisten teemavalintojen tarkastelu," Discussion Papers, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, number 1146.
- Nikulainen, Tuomo & Tahvanainen, Antti-Jussi, 2009, "Towards Demand Based Innovation Policy? The Introduction of SHOKs as Innovation Policy Instrument," Discussion Papers, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, number 1182.
- Joanna Poyago-Theotoky & Khemarat Talerngsri Teerasuwannajak, 2009, "R&D Productivity and Intellectual Property Rights Protection Regimes," Working Paper series, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, number 43_09, Jan.
- Dirk Czarnitzki, 2009, "The virtue of industry-science collaborations," EIB Papers, European Investment Bank, Economics Department, number 5/2009, Dec.
- Damien Ientile & Jacques Mairesse, 2009, "A policy to boost R&D: Does the R&D tax credit work?," EIB Papers, European Investment Bank, Economics Department, number 6/2009, Dec.
- Bronwyn H. Hall, 2009, "The financing of innovative firms," EIB Papers, European Investment Bank, Economics Department, number 8/2009, Dec.
- Jacques Darcy & Helmut Krämer-Eis & Dominique Guellec & Olivier Debande, 2009, "Financing technology transfer," EIB Papers, European Investment Bank, Economics Department, number 10/2009, Dec.
- Dietmar Harhoff, 2009, "The role of patents and licenses in securing external finance for innovation," EIB Papers, European Investment Bank, Economics Department, number 11/2009, Dec.
- Federico Rodríguez, 2009, "Una reflexión teórica sobre la innovación en el sector turismo," Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Empresariales, volume 0, issue 2, pages 9-26.
- José Carlos Rodríguez, 2009, "Technology transfer and commercialization of innovations at Canadian universities," Revista Nicolaita de Estudios Económicos, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Empresariales, volume 0, issue 2, pages 69-88.
- Dragomir Robert Gabriel, 2009, "The necessity of projects realization in the IT&C domain, in conformity with axis III - "The technology of information and communication for the private and public sectors"," Economics, Business and Informatics Papers, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Contabilitate si Finance, Campulung-Muscel, number 2010/1, Oct.
- DAVIDESCU Niculae, 2009, "E-education, information investors in people for relaunch economy," Economia. Seria Management, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 12, issue 1 Special, pages 62-67, July.
- BANACU Cristian Silviu & DUNCA Victor & HINCU Daniela & SASEANU Andreea & ALPOPI Cristina, 2009, "The effectiveness of using intangible assets in order to decrease the costs of R & D for innovative SMEs for a research institute (INFOSIT)," Economia. Seria Management, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 12, issue 1 Special, pages 93-97, July.
- VASILESCU Ion, 2009, "Assessment and self-assessment of project manager," Economia. Seria Management, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 12, issue 2, pages 133-138, December.
- COTELNIC Ana, 2009, "Risk and uncertainty in innovational management," Economia. Seria Management, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 12, issue 2, pages 139-144, December.
- Amiram PORATH, 2009, "Management Skills Difference between Low and High R&D Concentration Firms," REVISTA DE MANAGEMENT COMPARAT INTERNATIONAL/REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 10, issue 2, pages 286-294, May.
- Dumitru ZAIT & Adriana ZAIT, 2009, "Research Anticipation: the Methodological Choice," REVISTA DE MANAGEMENT COMPARAT INTERNATIONAL/REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 10, issue 5, pages 902-909, December.
- Amiram PORATH, 2009, "Management levels involvement in strategic R&D decisions in firms," REVISTA DE MANAGEMENT COMPARAT INTERNATIONAL/REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, volume 10, issue 5, pages 951-958, December.
- Sandu, Steliana & Paun, Cristian, 2009, "Repere ale Convergentei Systemului CD&I din Romania cu cel din Uniunea Europeana," Studii Economice, Institutul National de Cercetari Economice (INCE), number 090707, Jul.
- Sandu, Steliana & Paun, Cristian, 2009, "Convergence between the Romanian and the EU RD&I Systems," Working Papers of National Institute for Economic Research, Institutul National de Cercetari Economice (INCE), number 090601, Jun.
- Bas Karreman & Bert van der Knaap, 2009, "The Financial Centres of Shanghai and Hong Kong: Competition or Complementarity?," Environment and Planning A, , volume 41, issue 3, pages 563-580, March, DOI: 10.1068/a40230.
- Carmelo Pierpaolo Parello, 2009, "Information Gathering, Innovation and Growth," Working Papers in Public Economics, Department of Economics and Law, Sapienza University of Rome, number 122, Jun.
- Ewa Balcerowicz & Marek Peczkowski & Anna Wziatek-Kubiak, 2009, "The Innovation Patterns of Firms in Low and High Technology Manufacturing Sectors in the New Member States," CASE Network Studies and Analyses, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research, number 0390.
- Ewa Balcerowicz & Marek Peczkowski & Anna Wziatek-Kubiak, 2009, "Differentiation of Innovation Behavior of Manufacturing Firms in the New Member States. Cluster Analysis on Firm-Level Data," CASE Network Studies and Analyses, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research, number 0394.
- Ant Bozkaya & William R. Kerr, 2009, "Labor Regulations and European Private Equity," Working Papers CEB, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 09-055.RS.
- Slim Ben Youssef, 2009, "Transboundary pollution, R&D spillovers and international trade," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, volume 43, issue 1, pages 235-250, March, DOI: 10.1007/s00168-007-0198-3.
- Dan Kaufmann & Dafna Schwartz, 2009, "Networking strategies of young biotechnology firms in Israel," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, volume 43, issue 3, pages 599-613, September, DOI: 10.1007/s00168-008-0253-8.
- Edward Bergman & Gunther Maier, 2009, "Network central: regional positioning for innovative advantage," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, volume 43, issue 3, pages 615-644, September, DOI: 10.1007/s00168-008-0251-x.
- Marina Geenhuizen & Peter Nijkamp, 2009, "Place-bound versus footloose firms: wiring metropolitan areas in a policy context," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, volume 43, issue 4, pages 879-896, December, DOI: 10.1007/s00168-009-0298-3.
- Bruno Rossignoli & Francesca Arnaboldi, 2009, "Financial innovation: theoretical issues and empirical evidence in Italy and in the UK," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), volume 56, issue 3, pages 275-301, September, DOI: 10.1007/s12232-009-0078-5.
- Hans Lööf, 2009, "Multinational enterprises and innovation: firm level evidence on spillover via R&D collaboration," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, volume 19, issue 1, pages 41-71, February, DOI: 10.1007/s00191-008-0103-y.
- Jeffrey Funk, 2009, "The co-evolution of technology and methods of standard setting: the case of the mobile phone industry," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, volume 19, issue 1, pages 73-93, February, DOI: 10.1007/s00191-008-0108-6.
- Rebeca Méndez-Durón & Clara García, 2009, "Returns from social capital in open source software networks," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, volume 19, issue 2, pages 277-295, April, DOI: 10.1007/s00191-008-0125-5.
- Floortje Alkemade & Koen Frenken & Marko Hekkert & Malte Schwoon, 2009, "A complex systems methodology to transition management," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, volume 19, issue 4, pages 527-543, August, DOI: 10.1007/s00191-009-0144-x.
- Hans-Martin Zademach & Manuel Rimkus, 2009, "Herausforderung Wissenstransfer in Clustern - Neues Wissen vom Biotechnologiestandort Martinsried," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, volume 61, issue 4, pages 416-438, June, DOI: 10.1007/BF03373660.
- Manel Antelo, 2009, "On contract duration of royalty licensing contracts," Spanish Economic Review, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, volume 11, issue 4, pages 277-299, December, DOI: 10.1007/s10108-009-9054-1.
- Manel Antelo, 2009, "On contract duration of royalty licensing contracts," Spanish Economic Review, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, volume 11, issue 4, pages 301-301, December, DOI: 10.1007/s10108-009-9057-y.
- Tommaso Ciarli & Marco Valente & Riccardo Leoncini & Sandro Montresor, 2009, "Technological change and the vertical organization of industries," Springer Books, Springer, in: Uwe Cantner & Jean-Luc Gaffard & Lionel Nesta, "Schumpeterian Perspectives on Innovation, Competition and Growth", DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93777-7_8.
- Balázs Lengyel & Vladislav Cadil, 2009, "Innovation Policy Challenges in Transition Countries: Foreign Business R&D in the Czech Republic and Hungary," Transition Studies Review, Springer;Central Eastern European University Network (CEEUN), volume 16, issue 1, pages 174-188, May, DOI: 10.1007/s11300-009-0046-5.
- Giovanni Dosi & Richard R. Nelson, 2009, "Technical Change and Industrial Dynamics as Evolutionary Processes," LEM Papers Series, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy, number 2009/07, Aug.
- H. Bulut & G. Moschini, 2009, "US universities' net returns from patenting and licensing: a quantile regression analysis," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 18, issue 2, pages 123-137, DOI: 10.1080/10438590701709025.
- Rene Belderbos & Kyoji Fukao & Tomoko Iwasa, 2009, "Foreign and domestic R&D investment," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 18, issue 4, pages 369-380, DOI: 10.1080/10438590802172404.
- Giovanni Cerulli & Bianca Poti`, 2009, "Measuring Intersectoral Knowledge Spillovers: An Application Of Sensitivity Analysis To Italy," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 21, issue 4, pages 409-436, DOI: 10.1080/09535310903569216.
- Wonjoon Kim & Jeong-Dong Lee, 2009, "Measuring the Role of Technology-Push and Demand-Pull in the Dynamic Development of the Semiconductor Industry: The Case of the Global DRAM Market," Journal of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 12, issue 1, pages 83-108, May, DOI: 10.1016/S1514-0326(09)60007-6.
- Martijn Burger & Frank van Oort & Gert-Jan Linders, 2009, "On the Specification of the Gravity Model of Trade: Zeros, Excess Zeros and Zero-inflated Estimation," Spatial Economic Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 4, issue 2, pages 167-190, DOI: 10.1080/17421770902834327.
- Isabel Maria Bodas Freitas & Bart Verspagen, 2009, "The motivations, organisation and outcomes of university-industry interaction in the Netherlands," Working Papers on Innovation Studies, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, number 20090304, Mar.
- Frank A.G. den Butter & Seung-gyu Jo, 2009, "Pros and Cons of ‘Backing Winners’ in Innovation Policy," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers, Tinbergen Institute, number 09-012/3, Feb.
- Keller, Godfrey & Rady, Sven, 2009, "Strategic Experimentation with Poisson Bandits," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich, number 260, May.
- Ding, Wei & Wolfstetter, Elmar G., 2009, "Prizes and Lemons: Procurement of Innovation under Imperfect Commitment," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich, number 262, Jun.
- Grimaud, André & Magné, Bertrand & Rougé, Luc, 2009, "Polluting Non-Renewable Resources, Carbon Abatement and Climate Policy in a Romer Growth Model," TSE Working Papers, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), number 09-023, Mar.
- Grimaud, André & Lafforgue, Gilles & Magné, Bertrand, 2009, "Climate Change Mitigation Options and Directed Technical Change: A Decentralized Equilibrium Analysis," TSE Working Papers, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), number 09-063, Jul.
- Giovanni Villani, 2009, "Valuation of R&D Investment Opportunities with the Threat of Competitors Entry in Real Option Analysis," Quaderni DSEMS, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Matematiche e Statistiche, Universita' di Foggia, number 21-2009, Dec.
- Arie Lewin & Silvia Massini & Carine Peeters, 2009, "Why are companies offshoring innovation ?The emerging global race for talent," ULB Institutional Repository, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 2013/9073.
- Mireille Matt & Stéphane Robin & Sandrine Wolff, 2009, "How do public programmes shape strategic R&D collaborations? Project-level evidence from the 5th and 6th EU Framework Programmes," Working Papers of BETA, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg, number 2009-29.
- Jaya Prakash Pradhan & Neelam Singh, 2009, "Outward FDI and Knowledge Flows: A Study of the Indian Automotive Sector," Institutions and Economies (formerly known as International Journal of Institutions and Economies), Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, volume 1, issue 1, pages 156-187, June.
- Rajah Rasiah, 2009, "Sanjaya Lall: The Scholar and the Policy Advisor," Institutions and Economies (formerly known as International Journal of Institutions and Economies), Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, volume 1, issue 1, pages 8-22, June.
- Anuj J. Mathew & Arijit Mukherjee, 2009, "Intellectual property rights, southern innovation and foreign direct investment," Faculty Working Papers, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Navarra, number 15/09, Dec.
- Bouwe R. Dijkstra & Anuj J. Mathew, 2009, "Liberalizing Trade in Environmental Goods," Faculty Working Papers, School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Navarra, number 16/09, Dec.
- Baghana, Rufin & Mohnen, Pierre, 2009, "Effectiveness of R&D Tax Incentives in Small and Large Enterprises in Quebec," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-001.
- Bodas Freitas, Isabel Maria & Verspagen, Bart, 2009, "The motivations, organisation and outcomes of university-industry interaction in the Netherlands," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-011.
- Garcia-Torres, M. Abraham & Hollanders, Hugo, 2009, "The Diffusion of Informal Knowledge and Innovation Performance: A sectoral approach," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-013.
- Mohnen, Pierre & Lokshin, Boris, 2009, "What does it take for an R&D tax incentive policy to be effective?," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-014.
- David, Paul A., 2009, "Preparing for the Next, Very Long Crisis: Towards a ‘Cool’ Science and Technology Policy Agenda For a Globally Warming Economy," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-031.
- Narula, Rajneesh, 2009, "Attracting and embedding R&D by multinational firms: policy recommendations for EU new member states," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-033.
- Narula, Rajneesh & Michel, Julie, 2009, "Reverse knowledge transfer and its implications for European policy," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-035.
- Arora, Saurabh & Romijn, Henny, 2009, "Innovation for the base of the pyramid: Critical perspectives from development studies on heterogeneity and participation," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-036.
- Rivera, Rene & Sampedro, Jose Luis & Dutrenit, Gabriela & Ekboir, Javier Mario & Vera-Cruz, Alexandre O., 2009, "How productive are academic researchers in agriculture-related sciences? The Mexican case," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-038.
- Zhang, Ying, 2009, "Alliance-based Network View on Chinese Firms' Catching-up: Case Study of Huawei Technologies Co.Ltd," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-039.
- Zhang, Ying & Filippov, Sergey, 2009, "Internationalization of Chinese firms in Europe," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-041.
- Cowan, Robin & Jonard, Nicolas & Sanditov, Bulat, 2009, "Fits and Misfits: Technological Matching and R&D Networks," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-042.
- Akcomak, Semih, 2009, "Incubators as Tools for Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-054.
- Kanerva, Minna, 2009, "Assessing risk discourses: Nano S&T in the Global South," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-063.
- Belderbos, Rene & Gilsing, Victor & Lokshin, Boris, 2009, "Persistence of and interrelation between horizontal and vertical technology alliances," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-065.
- Belderbos, Rene & Leten, Bart & Suzuki, Shinya, 2009, "Does Excellence in Academic Research Attract Foreign R&D?," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-066.
- Belderbos, Rene & Faems, Dries & Leten, Bart & Van Looy, Bart, 2009, "Technological activities and their impact on the financial performance of the firm: Exploitation and exploration within and between firms," MERIT Working Papers, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), number 2009-067.
- Roy Thurik, 2009, "Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Policy in Emerging Economies," WIDER Working Paper Series, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER), number RP2009-12.
- Ibrahim Semih Akçomak, 2009, "Incubators as Tools for Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries," WIDER Working Paper Series, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER), number RP2009-52.
- Z. Acs & C. Economidou & M. Sanders, 2009, "Knowledge Spillovers from Creation to Exploitation: A Theoretical Model with Implications for Firms and Public Policy," Working Papers, Utrecht School of Economics, number 09-32, Nov.
- Gilberto Antonelli & Roberto Antonietti & Giovanni Guidetti, 2009, "High School Graduates, Skill Formation and Labour Demand," Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, Vita e Pensiero, Pubblicazioni dell'Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, volume 117, issue 3, pages 445-475.
- Toma, Viorica & Dimitriu, Mihail, 2009, "Sustainable Development and Creative Management," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", volume 13, issue 1, pages 153-165, March.
- Chrysovalantou Milliou, 2009, "Endogenous protection of R&D investments," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, volume 42, issue 1, pages 184-205, February, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.01504.x.
- Charles Bérubé & Pierre Mohnen, 2009, "Are firms that receive R&D subsidies more innovative?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, volume 42, issue 1, pages 206-225, February, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.01505.x.
- Tom Poot & Dries Faems & Wim Vanhaverbeke, 2009, "Toward A Dynamic Perspective On Open Innovation: A Longitudinal Assessment Of The Adoption Of Internal And External Innovation Strategies In The Netherlands," International Journal of Innovation Management (ijim), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., volume 13, issue 02, pages 177-200, DOI: 10.1142/S136391960900225X.
- Matthew Y Ma, 2009, "Fundamentals of Patenting and Licensing for Scientists and Engineers," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 6993, ISBN: ARRAY(0x5eb5b608), September.
- Jun Xu & Mohammed Quaddus, 2009, "E-Business in the 21st Century:Realities, Challenges and Outlook," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 7097, ISBN: ARRAY(0x63c45d18), September.
- Nathan Rosenberg (ed.), 2009, "Studies on Science and the Innovation Process:Selected Works of Nathan Rosenberg," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 7306, ISBN: ARRAY(0x5ff3c290), September.
- Bennet P Lientz, 2009, "Breakthrough Strategic IT and Process Planning," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 7372, ISBN: ARRAY(0x5e727478), September.
- Samuel Chu & Waltraut Ritter & Suliman Hawamdeh (ed.), 2009, "Managing Knowledge for Global and Collaborative Innovations," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number 7698, ISBN: ARRAY(0x60d5a348), September.
- Jong H Wi, 2009, "Innovation and Strategy of Online Games," World Scientific Books, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., number p626, ISBN: ARRAY(0x5f586d70), September.
- Guido Buenstorf & Matthias Geissler, 2009, "Not invented here: Technology licensing, knowledge transfer and innovation based on public research," Papers on Economics and Evolution, Philipps University Marburg, Department of Geography, number 2009-20, Dec.
- Sunil Mani, 2009, "Has India Become More Innovative Since 1991? Analysis of the Evidence and Some Disquieting Features," Working Papers, eSocialSciences, number id:2326.
- María Guadalupe Calderón Martínez, 2009, "Adquisición del conocimiento en procesos de innovación abiertos. Una aplicación en el sector de las tic en España," Economía: teoría y práctica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, volume 30, issue 1, pages 57-82, Enero-Jun, DOI: 10.24275/ETYPUAM/NE/302009/Calderon.
- Teresina Mancuso & Stefano Massaglia & Massimo Morganti, 2009, "Innovative Industrial Processes in the production chain of maize used for human food and relevant economic results," Economia agro-alimentare, FrancoAngeli Editore, volume 11, issue 3, pages 203-222.
- Valentina Morandi, 2009, "The determinants of different types of R&D cooperation," ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, FrancoAngeli Editore, volume 36, issue 1, pages 41-66.
- Raffaele Brancati & Davide Ciferri & Andrea Maresca, 2009, "Innovazione e ricerca nell'industria italiana. Alcune evidenze dell'indagine MET," ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, FrancoAngeli Editore, volume 36, issue 4, pages 193-207.
- Dan FLOROIAN, 2009, "Multiagent Systems For Shop Floor Arhitecture Management," Review of General Management, Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Management Brasov, volume 10, issue 2, pages 66-78, november.
- Bernadette Biatour & Christel Chatelain & Chantal Kegels, 2009, "Working Paper 02-09 - Le système d’innovation en Wallonie," Working Papers, Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium, number 200902, Feb.
- Kelemework, Dawit & Spielman, David J., 2009, "Measuring agricultural innovation system properties and performance: Illustrations from Ethiopia and Vietnam," IFPRI discussion papers, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), number 851.
- Maurizio Conti, 2009, "The Italian Productivity Decline: Evidence from Regional Data," Giornale degli Economisti, GDE (Giornale degli Economisti e Annali di Economia), Bocconi University, volume 68, issue 3, pages 269-309, July.
- Nader Ale Ebrahim & Shamsuddin Ahmed & Zahari Taha, 2009, "Virtual Teams: a Literature Review," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00593357.
- Nader Ale Ebrahim & Shamsuddin Ahmed & Zahari Taha, 2009, "Virtual R & D teams in small and medium enterprises: A literature review," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00593358.
- Nader Ale Ebrahim & Shamsuddin Ahmed & Zahari Taha, 2009, "Modified Stage-Gate: A Conceptual Model of Virtual Product Development Process," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00593359.
- Nader Ale Ebrahim & Shamsuddin Ahmed & Zahari Taha, 2009, "Innovation and R&D Activities in Virtual Team," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00593360.
- Nader Ale Ebrahim & Shamsuddin Ahmed & Zahari Taha, 2009, "Virtual Teams for New Product Development: An Innovative Experience for R&D Engineers," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00593361.
- Dirk Czarnitzki & Kornelius Kraft, 2009, "Capital Control, Debt Financing and Innovative Activity," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00684396, Apr, DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.03.017.
- Andrea Fosfuri & Thomas Rønde, 2009, "Leveraging Resistance to Change and the Skunk Works Model of Innovation," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-00699208, May, DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.008.
- Evila Piva & Mike Wright & Andy Lockett & Simon Mosey, 2009, "Academic entrepreneurship and business schools," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-02312502, Jun.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2009, "Séquestration du carbone et politique climatique optimale," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-02662076.
- Johansson, Börje & Lööf, Hans, 2009, "Innovation, R&D and Productivity - assessing alternative specifications of CDM-models," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 159, Jan.
- Wiberg, Daniel, 2009, "Persistence of Profits and the Systematic Search for Knowledge - R&D and profits above the norm," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 161, Jan.
- Broström, Anders, 2009, "Working with Distant Researchers - distance and content in university-industry interaction," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 173, Mar.
- Bienkowska, Dzamila & Larsen, Katarina, 2009, "Industrial Research Institutes’ Collaboration: a three-way solution to integrating new research skills," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 179, Apr.
- Fjaestad, Maja, 2009, "Why did the Breed Reactor Fail? - Swedish and international nuclear development in a cold war context," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 186, Aug.
- Broström, Anders & McKelvey, Maureen, 2009, "How do Organisational and Cognitive Distances Shape Firms’ Interactions with Universities and Public Research Institutes?," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 188, Aug.
- Martinsson, Gustav, 2009, "Equity Financing and Innovation: is Europe different from the United States?," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, number 192, Aug.
- Alexander Apokin & Dmitry Belousov, 2009, "Scenarios of the Global and Russian Economic Development as a Basis for S&T Forecasting," Foresight and STI Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 3, issue 3, pages 12-29.
- Alexander Chulok, 2009, "Forecast of S&T Development Prospects of the Key Economy Sectors in Russia: Future Tasks," Foresight and STI Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 3, issue 3, pages 30-36.
- Michael Keenan, 2009, "Technology Foresight: International Experience," Foresight and STI Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 3, issue 3, pages 60-67.
- Tatyana Ratay & Svetlana Martynova, 2009, "Science in 2008: the First Manifestation of the Crisis," Foresight and STI Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 3, issue 4, pages 36-43.
- Gulnara Abdrakhmanova & Galina Kovaleva, 2009, "Trends in ICT Development," Foresight and STI Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 3, issue 4, pages 44-55.
- Ville Brummer & Totti Konnola & Ahti Salo, 2009, "FinnSight 2015 – A Foresight Exercise for the Shaping of National Strategies," Foresight and STI Governance, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 3, issue 4, pages 56-65.
- Nishimura, Junichi & Okamuro, Hiroyuki & 岡室, 博之, 2008, "Has the industrial cluster project improved the R&D efficiency of industry-university partnership in Japan?," CCES Discussion Paper Series, Center for Research on Contemporary Economic Systems, Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, number 4, Nov.
- Nishimura, Junichi & Okamuro, Hiroyuki & 岡室, 博之, 2009, "R&D productivity and the organization of cluster policy : An empirical evaluation of the Industrial Cluster Project in Japan," CCES Discussion Paper Series, Center for Research on Contemporary Economic Systems, Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, number 4_v2, Sep.
- Okamuro, Hiroyuki & 岡室, 博之 & オカムロ, ヒロアキ & Kato, Masatoshi & 加藤, 雅俊 & カトウ, マサトシ & Honjo, Yuji & 本庄, 裕司 & ホンジョウ, ユウジ, 2009, "Determinants of R&D cooperation in Japanese high-tech start-ups," CEI Working Paper Series, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, number 2009-07, Nov.
- Fontana, Roberto & Nuvolari, Alessandro & Shimizu, Hiroshi & 清水, 洋 & Vezzulli, Andrea, 2009, "The Nature of Inventive Activities : Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards," IIR Working Paper, Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University, number 09-09, Dec.
- Zingales, Luigi & Reenen, John Van & Aghion, Philippe, 2009, "Innovation and Institutional Ownership," Scholarly Articles, Harvard University Department of Economics, number 4481491.
- Rene Belderbos & Bart Leten & Shinya Suzuki, 2009, "Does Excellence in Academic Research Attract Foreign R&D?," Global COE Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, number gd09-079, Aug.
- Chia-Hui Huang & Chih-Hai Yang, 2009, "Tax Incentives and R&D Activity: Firm-Level Evidence from Taiwan," Global COE Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, number gd09-102, Dec.
- Kelchtermans, Stijn & Veugelers, Reinhilde, 2009, "The Great Divide in Scientific Productivity. Why the Average Scientist Does Not Exist," Working Papers, Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel, Faculteit Economie en Management, number 2009/01, Jan.
- Russell Thomson, 2009, "Tax Policy and R&D Investment by Australian Firms," Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, number wp2009n10, Apr.
- Russell Thomson, 2009, "Tax Policy and the Globalisation of R&D," Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, number wp2009n11, Apr.
- Besim Culahovic & Zvonko Brnjas, 2009, "Business Operation and Technology Strategy," Economic Analysis, Institute of Economic Sciences, volume 42, issue 1-2, pages 19-32.
- Grimaud, André & Magné, Bertrand & Rougé, Luc, 2009, "Polluting Non-Renewable Resources, Carbon Abatement and Climate Policy in a Romer Growth Model," IDEI Working Papers, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse, number 548, Mar.
- Geoffrey PARKER & Marshall VAN ALSTYNE, 2009, "Six Challenges in Platform Licensing and Open Innovation," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 74, pages 17-36, 2nd quart.
- Thierry ISCKIA & Denis LESCOP, 2009, "Open Innovation within Business Ecosystems: A Tale from Amazon.com," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 74, pages 37-54, 2nd quart.
- Niklas Z. KVISELIUS & Per ANDERSSON & Håkan OZAN & Mats EDENIUS, 2009, "Living Labs as Tools for Open Innovation," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 74, pages 75-94, 2nd quart.
- Joacim TÅG, 2009, "Competing Platforms and Third Party Application Developers," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 74, pages 95-116, 2nd quart.
- Claudio FEIJÓO & Corina PASCU & Gianluca MISURACA & Wainer LUSOLI, 2009, "The Next Paradigm Shift in the Mobile Ecosystem: Mobile Social Computing and the Increasing Relevance of Users," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 75, pages 57-78, 3rd quart.
- Dave HEATLEY & Bronwyn HOWELL, 2009, "The Brand is the Bundle Strategies for the Mobile Ecosystem," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 75, pages 79-102, 3rd quart.
- Orada TEPPAYAYON & Erik BOHLIN & Simon FORGE, 2009, "Will Broadband Networks Make the World Greener? Evaluating Pros and Cons of Broadband Development," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 76, pages 19-38, 4th quart.
- John HOUGHTON, 2009, "ICT and the Environment in Developing Countries: an Overview of Opportunities and Developments," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 76, pages 39-60, 4th quart.
- Ewan SUTHERLAND, 2009, "Climate Change: the Contribution of Telecommunications," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 76, pages 61-76, 4th quart.
- Freek BOMHOF & Paula van HOORIK & Maartje DONKERS, 2009, "Systematic Analysis of Rebound Effects for "Greening by ICT" Initiatives," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 76, pages 77-96, 4th quart.
- Alf WESTELIUS, 2009, "Energy Counselling and Modern IT. Drawing on Web 2.0 for a Greener World," Communications & Strategies, IDATE, Com&Strat dept., volume 1, issue 76, pages 97-120, 4th quart.
- Pierre Mohnen & Boris Lokshin, 2009, "What does it take for and R&D tax incentive policy to be effective?," Working Papers, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB), number 2009/9.
- Luís Ribeiro & José Barata & Pedro Barreira, 2009, "Is Ambient Intelligence a truly Human-Centric Paradigm in Industry? Current Research and Application Scenario," Enterprise and Work Innovation Studies, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, IET/CICS.NOVA-Interdisciplinary Centre on Social Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, volume 5, issue 5, pages 25-35, November.
- Zoran Aralica & Domagoj Racic & Denis Redzepagic, 2009, "R&D Activities as a Growth Factor of Foreign-Owned SMEs in Croatia," Croatian Economic Survey, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, volume 11, issue 1, pages 73-93, April.
- Abd Hair Awang & Mohd Yusof Hussain & Jalaluddin Abdul Malek, 2009, "Promoting Knowledge Transfer in Science and Technology: A Case Study of Technology Park Malaysia (TPM)," Croatian Economic Survey, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, volume 11, issue 1, pages 95-113, April.
- Jinyoung Kim & Sangjoon John Lee & Gerald Marschke, 2009, "Relation of Firm Size to R&D Productivity," International Journal of Business and Economics, School of Management Development, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, volume 8, issue 1, pages 7-19, April.
- Yuri Yatsenko, 2009, "Price vs. Quantity Regulation and Technological Modernization," International Journal of Business and Economics, School of Management Development, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, volume 8, issue 3, pages 255-258, December.
- Mariana Lopes & Aurora A.C. Teixeira, 2009, "Open Innovation in firms located in an intermediate technology developed country," UITT Working Papers, INESC Porto, Unidade de Inovação e Transferência de Tecnologia(UITT), number 2009-03-wp4, Mar.
- Sunil Mani, 2009, "Has India become more innovative since 1991? Analysis of the evidence and some disquieting features," Centre for Development Studies, Trivendrum Working Papers, Centre for Development Studies, Trivendrum, India, number 415, Sep.
- Vega-Jurado, Jaider & Gutiérrez-Gracia, Antonio & Fernández-de-Lucio, Ignacio, 2009, "La Cooperación con Agentes CientÃficos y su Incidencia sobre el Desempeño Innovador de la Empresa," INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) Working Paper Series, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), number 200905, Jul.
- Manjarrés-HenrÃquez, Liney & Gutiérrez-Gracia, Antonio & Vega-Jurado, Jaider & Carrión-GarcÃa, Andrés, 2009, "Las Relaciones Universidad- Empresa y su incidencia en la Producción CientÃfica," INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) Working Paper Series, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), number 200906, Jul.
- Morales-Gualdrón, Silvia Teresa & Gutiérrez-Gracia, Antonio & Roig-Dobón, Salvador, 2009, "¿Por qué crean spin-offs académicas los investigadores españoles?," INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) Working Paper Series, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), number 200907, Jul.
- Andrew A. Toole & Dirk Czarnitzki, 2009, "Exploring the Relationship Between Scientist Human Capital and Firm Performance: The Case of Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurs in the SBIR Program," Management Science, INFORMS, volume 55, issue 1, pages 101-114, January, DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.1080.0913.
- Bulut, H. & Moschini, Giancarlo, 2009, "US universities’ net returns from patenting and licensing: a quantile regression analysis," ISU General Staff Papers, Iowa State University, Department of Economics, number 200901010800001452, Jan.
- Hunt, Jennifer & Gauthier-Loiselle, Marjolaine, 2009, "How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?," IZA Discussion Papers, IZA Network @ LISER, number 3921, Jan.
- Yemane Wolde-Rufael, 2009, "Does Public R&D Crowd Out Private R&D? A Note From Taiwan, Roc," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, volume 34, issue 1, pages 59-69, June.
- Machikita, Tomohiro & Ueki, Yasushi, 2009, "Linked versus Non-linked Firms in Innovation: The Effects of Economies of Network in Agglomeration in East Asia," IDE Discussion Papers, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO), number 188, Mar.
- Donald Siegel & Charles Wessner, 2009, "Universities and the Success of Entrepreneurial Ventures: Evidence from the Small Business Innovation Research Program," Working Papers, Jerusalem Institute for Market Studies (JIMS), number 1, Mar.
- Uwe Cantner & Tatiana Plotnikova, 2009, "Technological Diversity and Future Product Diversity in the Drug Industry," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2009-031, May.
- Uwe Cantner & Kristin Joel & Tobias Schmidt, 2009, "The effects of knowledge management on innovative success - an empirical analysis of German firms," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2009-037, May.
- Prashanth Mahagaonkar & Rainer Schweickert & Aditya S. Chavali, 2009, "Sectoral R&D intensity and Exchange Rate Volatility: A Panel Study on Economies of the OECD," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2009-056, Aug.
- Uwe Cantner & Andreas Meder, 2009, "Regional Effects on Cooperative Innovation Activities and the Related Variety of Regional Knowledge Bases," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2009-064, Aug.
- Tatiana Plotnikova, 2009, "Technology, Competition and the Time of Entry: Diversification Patterns in the Development of New Drugs," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2009-078, Sep.
- Simon Wiederhold, 2009, "Government Spending Composition in a Simple Model of Schumpeterian Growth," Jena Economics Research Papers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, number 2009-101, Dec.
- Flavia Cortelezzi & Giovanni Villani, 2009, "Valuation of R&D Sequential Exchange Options Using Monte Carlo Approach," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, volume 33, issue 3, pages 209-236, April, DOI: 10.1007/s10614-008-9157-z.
- Madhu Khanna & George Deltas & Donna Harrington, 2009, "Adoption of Pollution Prevention Techniques: The Role of Management Systems and Regulatory Pressures," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, volume 44, issue 1, pages 85-106, September, DOI: 10.1007/s10640-009-9263-y.
- Jill Shepherd & Bill McKelvey, 2009, "An empirical investigation of organizational memetic variation," Journal of Bioeconomics, Springer, volume 11, issue 2, pages 135-164, August, DOI: 10.1007/s10818-009-9061-1.
- Elena Cefis & Stephanie Rosenkranz & Utz Weitzel, 2009, "Effects of coordinated strategies on product and process R&D," Journal of Economics, Springer, volume 96, issue 3, pages 193-222, April, DOI: 10.1007/s00712-008-0041-z.
- Arijit Mukherjee & Achintya Ray, 2009, "Unsuccessful patent application and cooperative R&D," Journal of Economics, Springer, volume 97, issue 3, pages 251-263, July, DOI: 10.1007/s00712-009-0071-1.
- Mohammad Taleai & Ali Mansourian & Ali Sharifi, 2009, "Surveying general prospects and challenges of GIS implementation in developing countries: a SWOT–AHP approach," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, volume 11, issue 3, pages 291-310, September, DOI: 10.1007/s10109-009-0089-5.
- Rachel Levy & Pascale Roux & Sandrine Wolff, 2009, "An analysis of science–industry collaborative patterns in a large European University," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 1, pages 1-23, February, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-007-9044-0.
- Roderik Ponds, 2009, "The limits to internationalization of scientific research collaboration," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 1, pages 76-94, February, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9083-1.
- Sadao Nagaoka, 2009, "Does strong patent protection facilitate international technology transfer? Some evidence from licensing contracts of Japanese firms," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 2, pages 128-144, April, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-007-9071-x.
- Karin Hoisl, 2009, "Does mobility increase the productivity of inventors?," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 2, pages 212-225, April, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-007-9068-5.
- Andrea Fernández-Ribas & Philip Shapira, 2009, "Technological diversity, scientific excellence and the location of inventive activities abroad: the case of nanotechnology," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 3, pages 286-303, June, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9090-2.
- Paul Swamidass & Venubabu Vulasa, 2009, "Why university inventions rarely produce income? Bottlenecks in university technology transfer," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 4, pages 343-363, August, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9097-8.
- Riccardo Fini & Rosa Grimaldi & Maurizio Sobrero, 2009, "Factors fostering academics to start up new ventures: an assessment of Italian founders’ incentives," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 4, pages 380-402, August, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9093-z.
- David Mowery, 2009, "National security and national innovation systems," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 5, pages 455-473, October, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9100-4.
- Arman Avadikyan & Patrick Cohendet, 2009, "Between market forces and knowledge based motives: the governance of defence innovation in the UK," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 5, pages 490-504, October, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9102-2.
- Andrew James, 2009, "Organisational change and innovation system dynamics: the reform of the UK government defence research establishments," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 5, pages 505-523, October, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-008-9104-0.
- Mike Wright & Evila Piva & Simon Mosey & Andy Lockett, 2009, "Academic entrepreneurship and business schools," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 6, pages 560-587, December, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-009-9128-0.
- D. Patton & L. Warren & D. Bream, 2009, "Elements that underpin high-tech business incubation processes," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, volume 34, issue 6, pages 621-636, December, DOI: 10.1007/s10961-009-9105-7.
- John Scott, 2009, "Competition in Research and Development: A Theory for Contradictory Predictions," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, volume 34, issue 2, pages 153-171, March, DOI: 10.1007/s11151-009-9199-y.
- Roberto Fontana & Lionel Nesta, 2009, "Product Innovation and Survival in a High-Tech Industry," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, volume 34, issue 4, pages 287-306, June, DOI: 10.1007/s11151-009-9210-7.
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