IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/f/pba511.html
   My authors  Follow this author

Gregor Bäurle
(Gregor Baeurle)

Personal Details

First Name:Gregor
Middle Name:
Last Name:Baeurle
Suffix:
RePEc Short-ID:pba511
Terminal Degree:2009 Department Volkswirtschaftlehre; Universität Bern (from RePEc Genealogy)

Affiliation

Schweizerische Nationalbank (SNB)

Bern/Zürich, Switzerland
http://www.snb.ch/
RePEc:edi:snbgvch (more details at EDIRC)

Research output

as
Jump to: Working papers Articles

Working papers

  1. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Sarah M. Lein & Elizabeth Steiner, 2022. "Firm net worth, external finance premia and monitoring cost - estimates based on firm-level data," Working Papers 2022-07, Swiss National Bank.
  2. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner & Dr. Gabriel Züllig, 2018. "Forecasting the production side of GDP," Working Papers 2018-16, Swiss National Bank.
  3. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Sarah M. Lein & Elizabeth Steiner, 2017. "Employment Adjustment and Financial Constraints - Evidence from Firm-level Data," Working Papers 2017-18, Swiss National Bank.
  4. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2017. "International inflation spillovers - the role of different shocks," Working Papers 2017-07, Swiss National Bank.
  5. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann & Sylvia Kaufmann & Rodney W. Strachan, 2016. "Changing dynamics at the zero lower bound," Working Papers 16.02, Swiss National Bank, Study Center Gerzensee.
  6. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Rolf Scheufele, 2016. "Credit cycles and real activity - the Swiss case," Working Papers 2016-13, Swiss National Bank.
  7. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2014. "Exchange rate and price dynamics in a small open economy - the role of the zero lower bound and monetary policy regimes," Working Papers 2014-10, Swiss National Bank.
  8. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner, 2013. "How do individual sectors respond to macroeconomic shocks? A structural dynamic factor approach applied to Swiss data," Working Papers 2013-09, Swiss National Bank.
  9. Kaufmann, Daniel & Bäurle, Gregor, 2013. "Exchange Rate and Price Dynamics at the Zero Lower Bound," VfS Annual Conference 2013 (Duesseldorf): Competition Policy and Regulation in a Global Economic Order 79872, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  10. Gregor B urle, 2008. "Priors from DSGE Models for Dynamic Factor Analysis," Diskussionsschriften dp0803, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
  11. Gregor Bäurle & Tobias Menz, 2008. "Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy Model: A DSGE-VAR Approach for Switzerland," Working Papers 08.03, Swiss National Bank, Study Center Gerzensee.
  12. Gregor Baeurle & Daniel Burren, 2007. "A Note on Business Cycle Accounting," Diskussionsschriften dp0705, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.

Articles

  1. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner & Gabriel Züllig, 2021. "Forecasting the production side of GDP," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(3), pages 458-480, April.
  2. Bäurle, Gregor & Lein, Sarah M. & Steiner, Elizabeth, 2021. "Employment adjustment and financial tightness – Evidence from firm-level data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
  3. Gregor Bäurle & Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2021. "International Inflation Spillovers: The Role of Different Shocks," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 17(1), pages 191-230, March.
  4. Bäurle Gregor & Kaufmann Daniel & Kaufmann Sylvia & Strachan Rodney, 2020. "Constrained interest rates and changing dynamics at the zero lower bound," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 24(2), pages 1-26, April.
  5. Gregor Bäurle & Rolf Scheufele, 2019. "Credit cycles and real activity: the Swiss case," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 1939-1966, June.
  6. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2018. "Measuring Exchange Rate, Price, and Output Dynamics at the Effective Lower Bound," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 80(6), pages 1243-1266, December.
  7. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner, 2015. "How do Individual Sectors Respond to Macroeconomic Shocks? A Structural Dynamic Factor Approach Applied to Swiss Data," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 151(III), pages 167-225, September.
  8. Gregor Bäurle, 2013. "Structural Dynamic Factor Analysis Using Prior Information From Macroeconomic Theory," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(2), pages 136-150, April.
  9. Bäurle, Gregor & Burren, Daniel, 2011. "Business cycle accounting with model consistent expectations," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 110(1), pages 18-19, January.

Citations

Many of the citations below have been collected in an experimental project, CitEc, where a more detailed citation analysis can be found. These are citations from works listed in RePEc that could be analyzed mechanically. So far, only a minority of all works could be analyzed. See under "Corrections" how you can help improve the citation analysis.

Working papers

  1. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner & Dr. Gabriel Züllig, 2018. "Forecasting the production side of GDP," Working Papers 2018-16, Swiss National Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Kleyton da Costa & Felipe Leite Coelho da Silva & Josiane da Silva Cordeiro Coelho & Andr'e de Melo Modenesi, 2020. "A Systematic Comparison of Forecasting for Gross Domestic Product in an Emergent Economy," Papers 2010.13259, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2022.

  2. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Sarah M. Lein & Elizabeth Steiner, 2017. "Employment Adjustment and Financial Constraints - Evidence from Firm-level Data," Working Papers 2017-18, Swiss National Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Ming‐Yuan Chen & Chun‐Lin Kao, 2020. "The influence of corporate governance and financial constraints on the speed of employment adjustment: An analysis using mixed‐effects models," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 88(3), pages 439-463, June.
    2. Brand, Claus & Obstbaum, Meri & Coenen, Günter & Sondermann, David & Lydon, Reamonn & Ajevskis, Viktors & Hammermann, Felix & Angino, Siria & Hernborg, Nils & Basso, Henrique & Hertweck, Matthias & Bi, 2021. "Employment and the conduct of monetary policy in the euro area," Occasional Paper Series 275, European Central Bank.
    3. Michal Brzozowski, 2019. "Access to Credit and Growth of Firms," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 69(3), pages 253-274, June.

  3. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2017. "International inflation spillovers - the role of different shocks," Working Papers 2017-07, Swiss National Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2017. "International inflation spillovers - the role of different shocks," Working Papers 2017-07, Swiss National Bank.
    2. Saeed, Asif & Chaudhry, Sajid M. & Arif, Ahmed & Ahmed, Rizwan, 2023. "Spillover of energy commodities and inflation in G7 plus Chinese economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    3. Aharon, David Y. & Qadan, Mahmoud, 2022. "Infection, invasion, and inflation: Recent lessons," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    4. Hall, Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S. & Wang, Yongli, 2023. "Drivers and spillover effects of inflation: The United States, the euro area, and the United Kingdom☆," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).

  4. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann & Sylvia Kaufmann & Rodney W. Strachan, 2016. "Changing dynamics at the zero lower bound," Working Papers 16.02, Swiss National Bank, Study Center Gerzensee.

    Cited by:

    1. Andrea Carriero & Todd E. Clark & Massimiliano Marcellino & Elmar Mertens, 2021. "Forecasting with Shadow-Rate VARs," Working Papers 21-09, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
    2. Sylvia Kaufmann, 2016. "Hidden Markov models in time series, with applications in economics," Working Papers 16.06, Swiss National Bank, Study Center Gerzensee.
    3. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2018. "Measuring Exchange Rate, Price, and Output Dynamics at the Effective Lower Bound," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 80(6), pages 1243-1266, December.

  5. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Rolf Scheufele, 2016. "Credit cycles and real activity - the Swiss case," Working Papers 2016-13, Swiss National Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Josef Bajzik & Jan Janku & Simona Malovana & Klara Moravcova & Ngoc Anh Ngo, 2023. "Monetary Policy Has a Long-Lasting Impact on Credit: Evidence from 91 VAR Studies," Working Papers 2023/19, Czech National Bank.
    2. Guevara, Carlos & Rodríguez, Gabriel, 2020. "The role of credit supply shocks in pacific alliance countries: A TVP-VAR-SV approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).

  6. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2014. "Exchange rate and price dynamics in a small open economy - the role of the zero lower bound and monetary policy regimes," Working Papers 2014-10, Swiss National Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Florian Huber & Daniel Kaufmann, 2015. "Trend Fundamentals and Exchange Rate Dynamics," KOF Working papers 15-393, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    2. Michal Brzoza-Brzezina, 2016. "Why may large economies suffer more at the zero lower bound?," KAE Working Papers 2016-012, Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of Economic Analysis.
    3. Michal Brzoza-Brzezina & Marcin Kolasa & Mateusz Szetela, 2016. "Is Poland at risk of the zero lower bound?," KAE Working Papers 2016-013, Warsaw School of Economics, Collegium of Economic Analysis.
    4. Badarau, Cristina & Sangaré, Ibrahima, 2019. "Exchange rate regimes in a liquidity trap," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 55-80.
    5. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner, 2013. "How do individual sectors respond to macroeconomic shocks? A structural dynamic factor approach applied to Swiss data," Working Papers 2013-09, Swiss National Bank.
    6. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2017. "International inflation spillovers - the role of different shocks," Working Papers 2017-07, Swiss National Bank.
    7. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann & Sylvia Kaufmann & Rodney W. Strachan, 2016. "Changing dynamics at the zero lower bound," Working Papers 2016-16, Swiss National Bank.
    8. Roberta Cardani & Alessia Paccagnini & Stelios D. Bekiros, 2017. "The Effectiveness of Forward Guidance in an Estimated DSGE Model for the Euro Area: the Role of Expectations," Working Papers 201701, School of Economics, University College Dublin.
    9. Vesna Martin, 2018. "The Exchange Rate Commitment As Additional Instrument Of Monetary Policy In Czech Republic, Switzerland And Israel," Ekonomske ideje i praksa, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, issue 31, pages 41-57, December.

  7. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner, 2013. "How do individual sectors respond to macroeconomic shocks? A structural dynamic factor approach applied to Swiss data," Working Papers 2013-09, Swiss National Bank.

    Cited by:

    1. Buchholz, Manuel & von Schweinitz, Gregor & Tonzer, Lena, 2018. "Did the Swiss exchange rate shock shock the market?," IWH Discussion Papers 9/2018, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    2. Gregor Bäurle & Rolf Scheufele, 2019. "Credit cycles and real activity: the Swiss case," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 1939-1966, June.
    3. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner & Dr. Gabriel Züllig, 2018. "Forecasting the production side of GDP," Working Papers 2018-16, Swiss National Bank.
    4. Bäurle, Gregor & Lein, Sarah M. & Steiner, Elizabeth, 2021. "Employment adjustment and financial tightness – Evidence from firm-level data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    5. Lein, Sarah & , & ,, 2022. "Firm net worth, external finance premia and monitoring cost: Estimates based on firm-level data," CEPR Discussion Papers 17508, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    6. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Dr. Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2017. "International inflation spillovers - the role of different shocks," Working Papers 2017-07, Swiss National Bank.
    7. Dr. Christian Hepenstrick & Jason Blunier, 2022. "What were they thinking? Estimating the quarterly forecasts underlying annual growth projections," Working Papers 2022-05, Swiss National Bank.
    8. Gregor von Schweinitz & Lena Tonzer & Manuel Buchholz, 2021. "Monetary policy through exchange rate pegs: The removal of the Swiss franc‐Euro floor and stock price reactions," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 21(4), pages 1382-1406, December.

  8. Gregor Bäurle & Tobias Menz, 2008. "Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy Model: A DSGE-VAR Approach for Switzerland," Working Papers 08.03, Swiss National Bank, Study Center Gerzensee.

    Cited by:

    1. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2014. "Exchange rate and price dynamics in a small open economy - the role of the zero lower bound and monetary policy regimes," Working Papers 2014-10, Swiss National Bank.
    2. SENBETA, Sisay Regassa, 2013. "Foreign exchange constraints and macroeconomic dynamics in a small open economy," Working Papers 2013023, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    3. Buchholz, Manuel & von Schweinitz, Gregor & Tonzer, Lena, 2018. "Did the Swiss exchange rate shock shock the market?," IWH Discussion Papers 9/2018, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    4. Dr. Barbara Rudolf & Mathias Zurlinden, 2014. "A compact open economy DSGE model for Switzerland," Economic Studies 2014-08, Swiss National Bank.
    5. Stefan Leist, 2013. "Driving Forces of the Swiss Output Gap," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 149(IV), pages 493-531, December.
    6. Stefan Leist & Klaus Neusser, 2010. "Measuring the Natural Output Level by DSGE Models: An Empirical Investigation for Switzerland," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 146(I), pages 275-300, March.
    7. Dr. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner, 2013. "How do individual sectors respond to macroeconomic shocks? A structural dynamic factor approach applied to Swiss data," Working Papers 2013-09, Swiss National Bank.
    8. Kaufmann, Daniel & Bäurle, Gregor, 2013. "Exchange Rate and Price Dynamics at the Zero Lower Bound," VfS Annual Conference 2013 (Duesseldorf): Competition Policy and Regulation in a Global Economic Order 79872, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    9. Nitschka Thomas & Markov Nikolay, 2016. "Semi-Parametric Estimates of Taylor Rules for a Small, Open Economy – Evidence from Switzerland," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, vol. 17(4), pages 478-490, December.
    10. Nikolay Markov & Dr. Thomas Nitschka, 2013. "Estimating Taylor Rules for Switzerland: Evidence from 2000 to 2012," Working Papers 2013-08, Swiss National Bank.
    11. Gregor von Schweinitz & Lena Tonzer & Manuel Buchholz, 2021. "Monetary policy through exchange rate pegs: The removal of the Swiss franc‐Euro floor and stock price reactions," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 21(4), pages 1382-1406, December.
    12. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2018. "Measuring Exchange Rate, Price, and Output Dynamics at the Effective Lower Bound," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 80(6), pages 1243-1266, December.

  9. Gregor Baeurle & Daniel Burren, 2007. "A Note on Business Cycle Accounting," Diskussionsschriften dp0705, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.

    Cited by:

    1. Masaru Inaba & Kengo Nutahara, 2012. "An application of business cycle accounting with misspecified wedges," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 15(2), pages 265-269, April.
    2. NUTAHARA Kengo & INABA Masaru, 2008. "On Equivalence Results in Business Cycle Accounting," Discussion papers 08015, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).

Articles

  1. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner & Gabriel Züllig, 2021. "Forecasting the production side of GDP," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(3), pages 458-480, April.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  2. Gregor Bäurle & Matthias Gubler & Diego R. Känzig, 2021. "International Inflation Spillovers: The Role of Different Shocks," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 17(1), pages 191-230, March.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  3. Bäurle Gregor & Kaufmann Daniel & Kaufmann Sylvia & Strachan Rodney, 2020. "Constrained interest rates and changing dynamics at the zero lower bound," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 24(2), pages 1-26, April.

    Cited by:

    1. Carriero, Andrea & Clark, Todd E. & Marcellino, Massimiliano & Mertens, Elmar, 2023. "Shadow-rate VARs," Discussion Papers 14/2023, Deutsche Bundesbank.

  4. Gregor Bäurle & Rolf Scheufele, 2019. "Credit cycles and real activity: the Swiss case," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 1939-1966, June.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  5. Gregor Bäurle & Daniel Kaufmann, 2018. "Measuring Exchange Rate, Price, and Output Dynamics at the Effective Lower Bound," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 80(6), pages 1243-1266, December.

    Cited by:

    1. Anne Kathrin Funk & Daniel Kaufmann, 2020. "Do Sticky Wages Matter? New Evidence from Matched Firm-Survey and Register Data," KOF Working papers 20-480, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    2. Florian Huber & Daniel Kaufmann, 2015. "Trend Fundamentals and Exchange Rate Dynamics," KOF Working papers 15-393, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.
    3. Fabio Canetg & Daniel Kaufmann, 2019. "Shocking Interest Rate Floors," Diskussionsschriften dp1901, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
    4. Bäurle Gregor & Kaufmann Daniel & Kaufmann Sylvia & Strachan Rodney, 2020. "Constrained interest rates and changing dynamics at the zero lower bound," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 24(2), pages 1-26, April.

  6. Gregor Bäurle & Elizabeth Steiner, 2015. "How do Individual Sectors Respond to Macroeconomic Shocks? A Structural Dynamic Factor Approach Applied to Swiss Data," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 151(III), pages 167-225, September.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  7. Bäurle, Gregor & Burren, Daniel, 2011. "Business cycle accounting with model consistent expectations," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 110(1), pages 18-19, January.

    Cited by:

    1. Olga V. Mezentceva & Ann V. Mezentceva, 2015. "Hodrick-Prescott filtering of Large, emerging Economies and Analysis of Russian GDP Growth," Athens Journal of Business & Economics, Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER), vol. 1(4), pages 287-298, April.
    2. Kónya, István, 2011. "Növekedés és felzárkózás Magyarországon, 1995-2009 [Growth and convergence in Hungary, 1995-2009]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(5), pages 393-411.
    3. István Kónya, 2011. "Convergence and Distortions: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland between 1996–2009," MNB Working Papers 2011/6, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary).
    4. Brinca, Pedro & Costa-Filho, João & Loria, Francesca, 2020. "Business Cycle Accounting: what have we learned so far?," MPRA Paper 100180, University Library of Munich, Germany.

More information

Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.

Statistics

Access and download statistics for all items

Co-authorship network on CollEc

NEP Fields

NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 13 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
  1. NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (11) 2007-12-19 2008-12-07 2008-12-07 2014-02-02 2015-01-09 2016-09-18 2016-12-04 2017-08-27 2018-01-08 2018-02-19 2019-01-14. Author is listed
  2. NEP-MON: Monetary Economics (6) 2008-12-07 2014-02-02 2015-01-09 2016-03-29 2016-12-04 2017-08-27. Author is listed
  3. NEP-CBA: Central Banking (5) 2007-12-19 2008-12-07 2008-12-07 2014-02-02 2015-01-09. Author is listed
  4. NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium (4) 2007-12-19 2008-12-07 2008-12-07 2015-01-09
  5. NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics (4) 2008-12-07 2014-02-02 2015-01-09 2017-08-27
  6. NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing (2) 2007-12-19 2022-09-05
  7. NEP-ECM: Econometrics (2) 2008-12-07 2016-03-29
  8. NEP-EEC: European Economics (2) 2008-12-07 2016-09-18
  9. NEP-FOR: Forecasting (2) 2008-12-07 2019-01-14
  10. NEP-BAN: Banking (1) 2016-09-18
  11. NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series (1) 2008-12-07
  12. NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth (1) 2022-09-05
  13. NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics (1) 2016-09-18

Corrections

All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.

To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Gregor Baeurle
(Gregor Baeurle) should log into the RePEc Author Service.

To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.

To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.

Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.