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Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: A bibliometric review of the last three decades

Author

Listed:
  • Lin-Sea Lau
  • Kwang-Jing Yii
  • Cheong-Fatt Ng
  • Yan-Ling Tan
  • Thian-Hee Yiew

Abstract

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a widely tested hypothesis in the environmental economics literature. It explains the dynamics between economic growth and environmental degradation. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis for the past three decades (1994–2021) that contributes to the intellectual structure and knowledge progress of the EKC hypothesis using descriptive analysis and networking analysis. The descriptive analysis comprises publication trends, language, publishers, Web of Science category and research areas, and citation analysis. Meanwhile, networking analysis includes keyword co-occurrence analysis, co-authorship analysis and co-citation analysis. The findings of the descriptive analysis reveal that the number of publications in the EKC hypothesis has gradually increased over the years. The most productive publishers are Elsevier and Springer Nature. Researchers from China and Turkey tend to be the most prolific authors, with the highest number of citations, co-authorships and co-citations. According to the network analysis, the main keywords appearing in the EKC studies are economic growth, CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, China, renewable energy and financial development, which is also supported by the most frequently used keyword plus and its clusters. Based on our findings, we have proposed several policy recommendations from the keyword analysis that could foster economic development and improve environmental quality simultaneously. From the emerging trends of EKC, new directions for future research are also proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Lin-Sea Lau & Kwang-Jing Yii & Cheong-Fatt Ng & Yan-Ling Tan & Thian-Hee Yiew, 2025. "Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: A bibliometric review of the last three decades," Energy & Environment, , vol. 36(1), pages 93-131, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:engenv:v:36:y:2025:i:1:p:93-131
    DOI: 10.1177/0958305X231177734
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    1. Michail Michailidis & Apostolos Kantartzis & Garyfallos Arabatzis & Eleni Zafeiriou, 2025. "Decarbonization Pathways in Selected MENA Countries: Panel Evidence on Transport Services, Renewable Energy, and the EKC Hypothesis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-34, October.
    2. Waseem Alam & Mohd Afjal & Abdul Moeed, 2026. "Technological innovation as a moderator in the nexus between economic growth and environmental quality: evidence from Kuwait," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, December.
    3. Uğur Korkut Pata & Ender Baykut & Serkan Göksu, 2026. "Forest Load Capacity and Carbon Emissions in the World's Largest Forest Nations: An EKC‐Based Assessment for Sustainable Management," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(1), pages 227-239, February.
    4. Fayaz Hussain Tunio & Agha Amad Nabi & Rafique Ur Rehman Memon & Tayyab Raza Fraz & Daniela Haluza, 2025. "Sustainability in High-Income Countries: Urbanization, Renewables, and Ecological Footprints," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Uzar, Umut & Eyuboglu, Kemal, 2025. "Testing the load capacity curve for deforestation: A critical investigation using novel methods for the United States," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).

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