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Immigration Status, Educational Level, and Perceived Discrimination in Europe

Author

Listed:
  • Hafifa Siddiq

    (School of Nursing, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Najmeh Maharlouei

    (Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Babak Najand

    (Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA)

  • Arash Rahmani

    (Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA)

  • Hossein Zare

    (Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC), Adelphi, MD 20783, USA)

Abstract

Background: Multiple studies have been conducted to test the moderating effect of immigration on the positive health results yielded through educational attainment. However, no study has been conducted to examine the role of immigration as a moderator in the association between educational level and perceived discrimination in Europe. Aim: We aimed to study whether an inverse association exists between educational level and perceived discrimination in European countries and whether immigration status moderates the association between educational level and perceived discrimination. Methods: Data from the 10th round of the cross-sectional European Social Survey (ESS) were used in this cross-sectional study. A total of 17,596 participants between 15–90 years old who lived in European countries were included. The independent variable was educational level, a categorical variable, and the dependent variable was perceived discrimination. Immigration status was the moderator, and age and sex were confounders. Results: Of 17,596 participants, 16,632 (94.5%) were native-born and 964 were immigrants (5.5%). We found that higher levels of educational level were protective against perceived discrimination, which was also found in immigrant participants; however, the effect was weaker. Conclusions: This study found that educational level was a protective factor against perceived discrimination. This effect, however, was more robust in the native-born participants than in their immigrant counterparts.

Suggested Citation

  • Hafifa Siddiq & Najmeh Maharlouei & Babak Najand & Arash Rahmani & Hossein Zare, 2023. "Immigration Status, Educational Level, and Perceived Discrimination in Europe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2222-:d:1047399
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Constant, Amelie F. & Kahanec, Martin & Zimmermann, Klaus F., 2009. "Attitudes Towards Immigrants, Other Integration Barriers, and Their Veracity," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 30(1/2), pages 5-14.
    2. Carme Borrell & Laia Palència & Xavier Bartoll & Umar Ikram & Davide Malmusi, 2015. "Perceived Discrimination and Health among Immigrants in Europe According to National Integration Policies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Shervin Assari & Shanika Boyce & Mohsen Bazargan & Cleopatra H. Caldwell & Ron Mincy, 2020. "Maternal Education at Birth and Youth Breakfast Consumption at Age 15: Blacks’ Diminished Returns," J, MDPI, vol. 3(3), pages 1-11, September.
    4. Christoph Rothe, 2015. "Decomposing the Composition Effect: The Role of Covariates in Determining Between-Group Differences in Economic Outcomes," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(3), pages 323-337, July.
    5. Liliane Bonnal & Rachid Boumahdi & Pascal Favard, 2012. "Nonexpected discrimination: the case of social housing in France," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(18), pages 1909-1916, December.
    6. Hafifa Siddiq & Babak Najand, 2022. "Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-12, November.
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