IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i19p7160-d928582.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal Planning of Future District Heating Systems—A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Mengting Jiang

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands)

  • Camilo Rindt

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands)

  • David M. J. Smeulders

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands)

Abstract

This article provides the state-of-the-art on the optimal planning and design of future district heating (DH) systems. The purpose is to provide practical information of first-step actions for countries with a low DH market share for heating and cooling supply. Previous research showed that for those countries, establishing a heat atlas with accurate geographical data is an essential prerequisite to promote the development of DH systems. In this review, essential techniques for building a high-quality heat atlas are elaborated. This includes a review of methodologies for district thermal energy demand prediction and the status of the integration of sustainable resources in DH systems. In the meanwhile, technical barriers for the implementation of various sustainable heat sources are identified. Furthermore, technologies for the optimal planning of DH systems are discussed. This includes the review of current approaches for the optimal planning of DH systems, discussions on various novel configurations which have been actively investigated recently, and common upgrading measures for existing DH systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Mengting Jiang & Camilo Rindt & David M. J. Smeulders, 2022. "Optimal Planning of Future District Heating Systems—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-38, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7160-:d:928582
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7160/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7160/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Østergaard, Dorte Skaarup & Svendsen, Svend, 2016. "Replacing critical radiators to increase the potential to use low-temperature district heating – A case study of 4 Danish single-family houses from the 1930s," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 75-84.
    2. Yang, Xiaochen & Svendsen, Svend, 2018. "Ultra-low temperature district heating system with central heat pump and local boosters for low-heat-density area: Analyses on a real case in Denmark," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 243-251.
    3. Protić, Milan & Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Petković, Dalibor & Abbasi, Almas & Mat Kiah, Miss Laiha & Unar, Jawed Akhtar & Živković, Ljiljana & Raos, Miomir, 2015. "Forecasting of consumers heat load in district heating systems using the support vector machine with a discrete wavelet transform algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 343-351.
    4. Jacopo Vivian & Mattia Chinello & Angelo Zarrella & Michele De Carli, 2022. "Investigation on Individual and Collective PV Self-Consumption for a Fifth Generation District Heating Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, January.
    5. Dorotić, Hrvoje & Pukšec, Tomislav & Schneider, Daniel Rolph & Duić, Neven, 2021. "Evaluation of district heating with regard to individual systems – Importance of carbon and cost allocation in cogeneration units," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    6. Wheatcroft, Edward & Wynn, Henry P. & Lygnerud, Kristina & Bonvicini, Giorgio & Bonvicini, Giorgio & Lenote, Daniela, 2020. "The role of low temperature waste heat recovery in achieving 2050 goals: a policy positioning paper," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 104136, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    7. Ommen, Torben & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Markussen, Wiebke Brix & Elmegaard, Brian, 2017. "Performance of ultra low temperature district heating systems with utility plant and booster heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 544-555.
    8. Snyder, Hannah, 2019. "Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 333-339.
    9. Falke, Tobias & Krengel, Stefan & Meinerzhagen, Ann-Kathrin & Schnettler, Armin, 2016. "Multi-objective optimization and simulation model for the design of distributed energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1508-1516.
    10. Dalla Rosa, A. & Christensen, J.E., 2011. "Low-energy district heating in energy-efficient building areas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 6890-6899.
    11. Schweiger, Gerald & Larsson, Per-Ola & Magnusson, Fredrik & Lauenburg, Patrick & Velut, Stéphane, 2017. "District heating and cooling systems – Framework for Modelica-based simulation and dynamic optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 566-578.
    12. Bühler, Fabian & Petrović, Stefan & Holm, Fridolin Müller & Karlsson, Kenneth & Elmegaard, Brian, 2018. "Spatiotemporal and economic analysis of industrial excess heat as a resource for district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 715-728.
    13. Moser, Simon & Mayrhofer, Julia & Schmidt, Ralf-Roman & Tichler, Robert, 2018. "Socioeconomic cost-benefit-analysis of seasonal heat storages in district heating systems with industrial waste heat integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 868-874.
    14. Rämä, M. & Mohammadi, S., 2017. "Comparison of distributed and centralised integration of solar heat in a district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 649-660.
    15. Jebamalai, Joseph Maria & Marlein, Kurt & Laverge, Jelle, 2022. "Design and cost comparison of district heating and cooling (DHC) network configurations using ring topology – A case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    16. Holzleitner, Marie & Moser, Simon & Puschnigg, Stefan, 2020. "Evaluation of the impact of the new Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 on third-party access to district heating networks to enforce the feed-in of industrial waste heat," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    17. Yamankaradeniz, Nurettin, 2016. "Thermodynamic performance assessments of a district heating system with geothermal by using advanced exergy analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 965-972.
    18. Edtmayer, Hermann & Nageler, Peter & Heimrath, Richard & Mach, Thomas & Hochenauer, Christoph, 2021. "Investigation on sector coupling potentials of a 5th generation district heating and cooling network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    19. Lund, Rasmus & Persson, Urban, 2016. "Mapping of potential heat sources for heat pumps for district heating in Denmark," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 129-138.
    20. Arnaudo, Monica & Topel, Monika & Laumert, Björn, 2020. "Techno-economic analysis of demand side flexibility to enable the integration of distributed heat pumps within a Swedish neighborhood," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    21. Persson, Urban & Werner, Sven, 2011. "Heat distribution and the future competitiveness of district heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 568-576, March.
    22. Averfalk, Helge & Werner, Sven, 2018. "Novel low temperature heat distribution technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 526-539.
    23. Chambers, Jonathan & Narula, Kapil & Sulzer, Matthias & Patel, Martin K., 2019. "Mapping district heating potential under evolving thermal demand scenarios and technologies: A case study for Switzerland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 682-692.
    24. Quirosa, Gonzalo & Torres, Miguel & Chacartegui, Ricardo, 2022. "Analysis of the integration of photovoltaic excess into a 5th generation district heating and cooling system for network energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    25. Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Chang, Miguel & Werner, Sven & Svendsen, Svend & Sorknæs, Peter & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mortensen, Bent Ole Gram & Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Boje, 2018. "The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 147-159.
    26. Hendricks, Aaron M. & Wagner, John E. & Volk, Timothy A. & Newman, David H. & Brown, Tristan R., 2016. "A cost-effective evaluation of biomass district heating in rural communities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 561-569.
    27. Abolfazl Rezaei & Bahador Samadzadegan & Hadise Rasoulian & Saeed Ranjbar & Soroush Samareh Abolhassani & Azin Sanei & Ursula Eicker, 2021. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-22, March.
    28. Averfalk, Helge & Werner, Sven, 2020. "Economic benefits of fourth generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    29. Lindroos, Tomi J. & Mäki, Elina & Koponen, Kati & Hannula, Ilkka & Kiviluoma, Juha & Raitila, Jyrki, 2021. "Replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy in district heating – Comparison of technology options," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    30. Kazas, Georgios & Fabrizio, Enrico & Perino, Marco, 2017. "Energy demand profile generation with detailed time resolution at an urban district scale: A reference building approach and case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 243-262.
    31. Winterscheid, Carlo & Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof & Holler, Stefan, 2017. "Integration of solar thermal systems in existing district heating systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 579-585.
    32. Best, Robert E. & Rezazadeh Kalehbasti, P. & Lepech, Michael D., 2020. "A novel approach to district heating and cooling network design based on life cycle cost optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    33. Milad Khosravi & Ahmad Arabkoohsar, 2019. "Thermal-Hydraulic Performance Analysis of Twin-Pipes for Various Future District Heating Schemes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-17, April.
    34. Zhu, Tingting & Ommen, Torben & Meesenburg, Wiebke & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Elmegaard, Brian, 2021. "Steady state behavior of a booster heat pump for hot water supply in ultra-low temperature district heating network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    35. Meibodi, Saleh S. & Loveridge, Fleur, 2022. "The future role of energy geostructures in fifth generation district heating and cooling networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    36. Pakere, Ieva & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2020. "Solar power or solar heat: What will upraise the efficiency of district heating? Multi-criteria analyses approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    37. Volkova, Anna & Mašatin, Vladislav & Siirde, Andres, 2018. "Methodology for evaluating the transition process dynamics towards 4th generation district heating networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 253-261.
    38. Walch, Alina & Li, Xiang & Chambers, Jonathan & Mohajeri, Nahid & Yilmaz, Selin & Patel, Martin & Scartezzini, Jean-Louis, 2022. "Shallow geothermal energy potential for heating and cooling of buildings with regeneration under climate change scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    39. Maria Jebamalai, Joseph & Marlein, Kurt & Laverge, Jelle & Vandevelde, Lieven & van den Broek, Martijn, 2019. "An automated GIS-based planning and design tool for district heating: Scenarios for a Dutch city," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 487-496.
    40. Kljajić, Miroslav V. & Anđelković, Aleksandar S. & Hasik, Vaclav & Munćan, Vladimir M. & Bilec, Melissa, 2020. "Shallow geothermal energy integration in district heating system: An example from Serbia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2791-2800.
    41. Marty, Fabien & Serra, Sylvain & Sochard, Sabine & Reneaume, Jean-Michel, 2018. "Simultaneous optimization of the district heating network topology and the Organic Rankine Cycle sizing of a geothermal plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1060-1074.
    42. Soloha, Raimonda & Pakere, Ieva & Blumberga, Dagnija, 2017. "Solar energy use in district heating systems. A case study in Latvia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 586-594.
    43. Huang, Pei & Copertaro, Benedetta & Zhang, Xingxing & Shen, Jingchun & Löfgren, Isabelle & Rönnelid, Mats & Fahlen, Jan & Andersson, Dan & Svanfeldt, Mikael, 2020. "A review of data centers as prosumers in district energy systems: Renewable energy integration and waste heat reuse for district heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    44. Lygnerud, Kristina & Ottosson, Jonas & Kensby, Johan & Johansson, Linnea, 2021. "Business models combining heat pumps and district heating in buildings generate cost and emission savings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    45. Santamarta, Juan C. & García-Gil, Alejandro & Expósito, María del Cristo & Casañas, Elías & Cruz-Pérez, Noelia & Rodríguez-Martín, Jesica & Mejías-Moreno, Miguel & Götzl, Gregor & Gemeni, Vasiliki, 2021. "The clean energy transition of heating and cooling in touristic infrastructures using shallow geothermal energy in the Canary Islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 505-515.
    46. Wirtz, Marco & Kivilip, Lukas & Remmen, Peter & Müller, Dirk, 2020. "5th Generation District Heating: A novel design approach based on mathematical optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    47. Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Nielsen, Tore Bach & Werner, Sven & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Gudmundsson, Oddgeir & Arabkoohsar, Ahmad & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2021. "Perspectives on fourth and fifth generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    48. Persson, U. & Möller, B. & Werner, S., 2014. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying strategic heat synergy regions," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 663-681.
    49. Al-Shammari, Eiman Tamah & Keivani, Afram & Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Yee, Por Lip & Petković, Dalibor & Ch, Sudheer, 2016. "Prediction of heat load in district heating systems by Support Vector Machine with Firefly searching algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 266-273.
    50. Edward Wheatcroft & Henry Wynn & Kristina Lygnerud & Giorgio Bonvicini & Daniela Leonte, 2020. "The Role of Low Temperature Waste Heat Recovery in Achieving 2050 Goals: A Policy Positioning Paper," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
    51. Persson, Urban & Wiechers, Eva & Möller, Bernd & Werner, Sven, 2019. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 604-622.
    52. Nielsen, Steffen & Möller, Bernd, 2013. "GIS based analysis of future district heating potential in Denmark," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 458-468.
    53. Hirsch, Hauke & Nicolai, Andreas, 2022. "An efficient numerical solution method for detailed modelling of large 5th generation district heating and cooling networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    54. Hermansen, Rune & Smith, Kevin & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Wang, Jiawei & Zong, Yi, 2022. "Model predictive control for a heat booster substation in ultra low temperature district heating systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    55. Mertz, Théophile & Serra, Sylvain & Henon, Aurélien & Reneaume, Jean-Michel, 2016. "A MINLP optimization of the configuration and the design of a district heating network: Academic study cases," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P2), pages 450-464.
    56. Moallemi, A. & Arabkoohsar, A. & Pujatti, F.J.P. & Valle, R.M. & Ismail, K.A.R., 2019. "Non-uniform temperature district heating system with decentralized heat storage units, a reliable solution for heat supply," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 80-91.
    57. Sameti, Mohammad & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2019. "Optimization of 4th generation distributed district heating system: Design and planning of combined heat and power," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 371-387.
    58. Pelda, Johannes & Holler, Stefan & Persson, Urban, 2021. "District heating atlas - Analysis of the German district heating sector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    59. Min-Hwi Kim & Deuk-Won Kim & Gwangwoo Han & Jaehyeok Heo & Dong-Won Lee, 2021. "Ground Source and Sewage Water Source Heat Pump Systems for Block Heating and Cooling Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-22, September.
    60. McKenna, R.C. & Norman, J.B., 2010. "Spatial modelling of industrial heat loads and recovery potentials in the UK," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(10), pages 5878-5891, October.
    61. David Huber & Viktoria Illyés & Veronika Turewicz & Gregor Götzl & Andreas Hammer & Karl Ponweiser, 2021. "Novel District Heating Systems: Methods and Simulation Results," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-23, July.
    62. Suryanarayana, Gowri & Lago, Jesus & Geysen, Davy & Aleksiejuk, Piotr & Johansson, Christian, 2018. "Thermal load forecasting in district heating networks using deep learning and advanced feature selection methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 141-149.
    63. Dahl, Magnus & Brun, Adam & Andresen, Gorm B., 2017. "Using ensemble weather predictions in district heating operation and load forecasting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 455-465.
    64. García-Gil, Alejandro & Goetzl, Gregor & Kłonowski, Maciej R. & Borovic, Staša & Boon, David P. & Abesser, Corinna & Janza, Mitja & Herms, Ignasi & Petitclerc, Estelle & Erlström, Mikael & Holecek, Ja, 2020. "Governance of shallow geothermal energy resources," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    65. Volkova, Anna & Krupenski, Igor & Ledvanov, Aleksandr & Hlebnikov, Aleksandr & Lepiksaar, Kertu & Latõšov, Eduard & Mašatin, Vladislav, 2020. "Energy cascade connection of a low-temperature district heating network to the return line of a high-temperature district heating network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    66. Soltero, V.M. & Chacartegui, R. & Ortiz, C. & Velázquez, R., 2018. "Potential of biomass district heating systems in rural areas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 132-143.
    67. Fang, Tingting & Lahdelma, Risto, 2016. "Evaluation of a multiple linear regression model and SARIMA model in forecasting heat demand for district heating system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 544-552.
    68. Patureau, Rémi & Tran, Cong Toan & Gavan, Valentin & Stabat, Pascal, 2021. "The new generation of District heating & cooling networks and their potential development in France," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    69. Reed, A.L. & Novelli, A.P. & Doran, K.L. & Ge, S. & Lu, N. & McCartney, J.S., 2018. "Solar district heating with underground thermal energy storage: Pathways to commercial viability in North America," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 1-13.
    70. Tulus, Victor & Boer, Dieter & Cabeza, Luisa F. & Jiménez, Laureano & Guillén-Gosálbez, Gonzalo, 2016. "Enhanced thermal energy supply via central solar heating plants with seasonal storage: A multi-objective optimization approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 549-561.
    71. Dominković, Dominik Franjo & Stunjek, Goran & Blanco, Ignacio & Madsen, Henrik & Krajačić, Goran, 2020. "Technical, economic and environmental optimization of district heating expansion in an urban agglomeration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    72. Fang, Hao & Xia, Jianjun & Zhu, Kan & Su, Yingbo & Jiang, Yi, 2013. "Industrial waste heat utilization for low temperature district heating," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 236-246.
    73. Lumbreras, Mikel & Garay, Roberto, 2020. "Energy & economic assessment of façade-integrated solar thermal systems combined with ultra-low temperature district-heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1000-1014.
    74. Lygnerud, Kristina & Werner, Sven, 2018. "Risk assessment of industrial excess heat recovery in district heating systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 430-441.
    75. Kontu, K. & Rinne, S. & Junnila, S., 2019. "Introducing modern heat pumps to existing district heating systems – Global lessons from viable decarbonizing of district heating in Finland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 862-870.
    76. Möller, Bernd & Wiechers, Eva & Persson, Urban & Grundahl, Lars & Lund, Rasmus Søgaard & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2019. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Towards EU-Wide, local heat supply strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 554-564.
    77. Gudmundsson, Oddgeir & Schmidt, Ralf-Roman & Dyrelund, Anders & Thorsen, Jan Eric, 2022. "Economic comparison of 4GDH and 5GDH systems – Using a case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    78. Mehleri, Eugenia D. & Sarimveis, Haralambos & Markatos, Nikolaos C. & Papageorgiou, Lazaros G., 2012. "A mathematical programming approach for optimal design of distributed energy systems at the neighbourhood level," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 96-104.
    79. Michele Tunzi & Matthieu Ruysschaert & Svend Svendsen & Kevin Michael Smith, 2020. "Double Loop Network for Combined Heating and Cooling in Low Heat Density Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-24, November.
    80. Revesz, Akos & Jones, Phil & Dunham, Chris & Davies, Gareth & Marques, Catarina & Matabuena, Rodrigo & Scott, Jim & Maidment, Graeme, 2020. "Developing novel 5th generation district energy networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    81. Steffen Nielsen & Kenneth Hansen & Rasmus Lund & Diana Moreno, 2020. "Unconventional Excess Heat Sources for District Heating in a National Energy System Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.
    82. Terreros, O. & Spreitzhofer, J. & Basciotti, D. & Schmidt, R.R. & Esterl, T. & Pober, M. & Kerschbaumer, M. & Ziegler, M., 2020. "Electricity market options for heat pumps in rural district heating networks in Austria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    83. Lund, Henrik & Werner, Sven & Wiltshire, Robin & Svendsen, Svend & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Hvelplund, Frede & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2014. "4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-11.
    84. Möller, Bernd & Wiechers, Eva & Persson, Urban & Grundahl, Lars & Connolly, David, 2018. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Identifying local heat demand and supply areas with a European thermal atlas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 281-292.
    85. Welsch, Bastian & Göllner-Völker, Laura & Schulte, Daniel O. & Bär, Kristian & Sass, Ingo & Schebek, Liselotte, 2018. "Environmental and economic assessment of borehole thermal energy storage in district heating systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 73-90.
    86. Jodeiri, A.M. & Goldsworthy, M.J. & Buffa, S. & Cozzini, M., 2022. "Role of sustainable heat sources in transition towards fourth generation district heating – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    87. Wirtz, Marco & Neumaier, Lisa & Remmen, Peter & Müller, Dirk, 2021. "Temperature control in 5th generation district heating and cooling networks: An MILP-based operation optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    88. Reiners, Tobias & Gross, Michel & Altieri, Lisa & Wagner, Hermann-Josef & Bertsch, Valentin, 2021. "Heat pump efficiency in fifth generation ultra-low temperature district heating networks using a wastewater heat source," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    89. Marco Ravina & Costanza Gamberini & Alessandro Casasso & Deborah Panepinto, 2020. "Environmental and Health Impacts of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) Boilers in Urban Areas: A Case Study from Turin, NW Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-18, January.
    90. Danhong Wang & Jan Carmeliet & Kristina Orehounig, 2021. "Design and Assessment of District Heating Systems with Solar Thermal Prosumers and Thermal Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-27, February.
    91. Leurent, Martin, 2019. "Analysis of the district heating potential in French regions using a geographic information system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    92. Köfinger, M. & Schmidt, R.R. & Basciotti, D. & Terreros, O. & Baldvinsson, I. & Mayrhofer, J. & Moser, S. & Tichler, R. & Pauli, H., 2018. "Simulation based evaluation of large scale waste heat utilization in urban district heating networks: Optimized integration and operation of a seasonal storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1161-1174.
    93. Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Andersen, Anders N., 2016. "Booster heat pumps and central heat pumps in district heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1374-1388.
    94. Swan, Lukas G. & Ugursal, V. Ismet, 2009. "Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(8), pages 1819-1835, October.
    95. Blommaert, Maarten & Wack, Y. & Baelmans, M., 2020. "An adjoint optimization approach for the topological design of large-scale district heating networks based on nonlinear models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    96. Beatriz María Paredes-Sánchez & José Pablo Paredes & Natalia Caparrini & Elena Rivo-López, 2021. "Analysis of District Heating and Cooling Energy Systems in Spain: Resources, Technology and Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-22, May.
    97. Arabkoohsar, A., 2019. "Non-uniform temperature district heating system with decentralized heat pumps and standalone storage tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 931-941.
    98. Xu, Qian & Wang, Kang & Zou, Zhenwei & Zhong, Liqiong & Akkurt, Nevzat & Feng, Junxiao & Xiong, Yaxuan & Han, Jingxiao & Wang, Jiulong & Du, Yanping, 2021. "A new type of two-supply, one-return, triple pipe-structured heat loss model based on a low temperature district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    99. Hanne Kauko & Daniel Rohde & Armin Hafner, 2020. "Local Heating Networks with Waste Heat Utilization: Low or Medium Temperature Supply?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    100. Werner, Sven, 2017. "International review of district heating and cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 617-631.
    101. Andrei David & Brian Vad Mathiesen & Helge Averfalk & Sven Werner & Henrik Lund, 2017. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-18, April.
    102. Unternährer, Jérémy & Moret, Stefano & Joost, Stéphane & Maréchal, François, 2017. "Spatial clustering for district heating integration in urban energy systems: Application to geothermal energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 749-763.
    103. Tena Bilić & Sara Raos & Perica Ilak & Ivan Rajšl & Robert Pašičko, 2020. "Assessment of Geothermal Fields in the South Pannonian Basin System Using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Tool," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-23, February.
    104. Marina Iorio & Alberto Carotenuto & Alfonso Corniello & Simona Di Fraia & Nicola Massarotti & Alessandro Mauro & Renato Somma & Laura Vanoli, 2020. "Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems in Structural Controlled Areas: A Sustainability Analysis of Geothermal Resource for Heating Plant (The Mondragone Case in Southern Appennines, Italy)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-26, March.
    105. Ciampi, Giovanni & Rosato, Antonio & Sibilio, Sergio, 2018. "Thermo-economic sensitivity analysis by dynamic simulations of a small Italian solar district heating system with a seasonal borehole thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 757-771.
    106. Bühler, Fabian & Petrović, Stefan & Karlsson, Kenneth & Elmegaard, Brian, 2017. "Industrial excess heat for district heating in Denmark," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 991-1001.
    107. Leoni, Paolo & Geyer, Roman & Schmidt, Ralf-Roman, 2020. "Developing innovative business models for reducing return temperatures in district heating systems: Approach and first results," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    108. Meesenburg, Wiebke & Ommen, Torben & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Elmegaard, Brian, 2020. "Economic feasibility of ultra-low temperature district heating systems in newly built areas supplied by renewable energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    109. Li, Yanfei & O'Neill, Zheng & Zhang, Liang & Chen, Jianli & Im, Piljae & DeGraw, Jason, 2021. "Grey-box modeling and application for building energy simulations - A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    110. Sorknæs, Peter & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck & Lund, Henrik & Nielsen, Steffen & Djørup, Søren & Sperling, Karl, 2020. "The benefits of 4th generation district heating in a 100% renewable energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    111. Flynn, Ciarán & Sirén, Kai, 2015. "Influence of location and design on the performance of a solar district heating system equipped with borehole seasonal storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 377-388.
    112. Renaldi, Renaldi & Friedrich, Daniel, 2019. "Techno-economic analysis of a solar district heating system with seasonal thermal storage in the UK," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 388-400.
    113. Herrando, María & Pantaleo, Antonio M. & Wang, Kai & Markides, Christos N., 2019. "Solar combined cooling, heating and power systems based on hybrid PVT, PV or solar-thermal collectors for building applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 637-647.
    114. Vivian, Jacopo & Emmi, Giuseppe & Zarrella, Angelo & Jobard, Xavier & Pietruschka, Dirk & De Carli, Michele, 2018. "Evaluating the cost of heat for end users in ultra low temperature district heating networks with booster heat pumps," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 788-800.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bogdanovics, Raimonds & Zemitis, Jurgis & Zajacs, Aleksandrs & Borodinecs, Anatolijs, 2024. "Small-scale district heating system as heat storage for decentralized solar thermal collectors during non-heating period," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    2. Belliardi, Marco & Caputo, Paola & Ferla, Giulio & Cereghetti, Nerio & Antonioli Mantegazzini, Barbara, 2023. "An innovative application of 5GDHC: A techno-economic assessment of shallow geothermal systems potential in different European climates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    3. Li, Ximei & Gao, Jianmin & Chen, Bingyuan & You, Shi & Zheng, Yi & Du, Qian & Qin, Yukun, 2023. "Multi-objective optimization of district heating systems with turbine-driving fans and pumps considering economic, exergic, and environmental aspects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    4. Ziad M. Ali & Martin Calasan & Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem & Francisco Jurado & Foad H. Gandoman, 2023. "Applications of Energy Storage Systems in Enhancing Energy Management and Access in Microgrids: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-41, August.
    5. Bachmann, Max & Kriegel, Martin, 2023. "Assessing the heat distribution costs of linear and radial district heating networks: A methodological approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Golmohamadi, Hessam & Larsen, Kim Guldstrand & Jensen, Peter Gjøl & Hasrat, Imran Riaz, 2022. "Integration of flexibility potentials of district heating systems into electricity markets: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    2. Jodeiri, A.M. & Goldsworthy, M.J. & Buffa, S. & Cozzini, M., 2022. "Role of sustainable heat sources in transition towards fourth generation district heating – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    3. Li, Xiang & Yilmaz, Selin & Patel, Martin K. & Chambers, Jonathan, 2023. "Techno-economic analysis of fifth-generation district heating and cooling combined with seasonal borehole thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    4. Lund, Henrik & Duic, Neven & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2018. "Future district heating systems and technologies: On the role of smart energy systems and 4th generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 614-619.
    5. Guo, Yurun & Wang, Shugang & Wang, Jihong & Zhang, Tengfei & Ma, Zhenjun & Jiang, Shuang, 2024. "Key district heating technologies for building energy flexibility: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    6. Meibodi, Saleh S. & Loveridge, Fleur, 2022. "The future role of energy geostructures in fifth generation district heating and cooling networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    7. Manz, Pia & Billerbeck, Anna & Kök, Ali & Fallahnejad, Mostafa & Fleiter, Tobias & Kranzl, Lukas & Braungardt, Sibylle & Eichhammer, Wolfgang, 2024. "Spatial analysis of renewable and excess heat potentials for climate-neutral district heating in Europe," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    8. Nielsen, Tore Bach & Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Duic, Neven & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2021. "Perspectives on energy efficiency and smart energy systems from the 5th SESAAU2019 conference," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    9. Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Nielsen, Tore Bach & Werner, Sven & Thorsen, Jan Eric & Gudmundsson, Oddgeir & Arabkoohsar, Ahmad & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2021. "Perspectives on fourth and fifth generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    10. Wang, Yang & Zhang, Shanhong & Chow, David & Kuckelkorn, Jens M., 2021. "Evaluation and optimization of district energy network performance: Present and future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    11. Averfalk, Helge & Werner, Sven, 2020. "Economic benefits of fourth generation district heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    12. Østergaard, Dorte Skaarup & Smith, Kevin Michael & Tunzi, Michele & Svendsen, Svend, 2022. "Low-temperature operation of heating systems to enable 4th generation district heating: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    13. Brunt, Nicholas & Duquette, Jean & O'Brien, William, 2023. "Techno-economic and environmental performance of two state-of-the-art solar-assisted district energy system topologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    14. Quirosa, Gonzalo & Torres, Miguel & Becerra, José A. & Jiménez-Espadafor, Francisco J. & Chacartegui, Ricardo, 2023. "Energy analysis of an ultra-low temperature district heating and cooling system with coaxial borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    15. Persson, Urban & Wiechers, Eva & Möller, Bernd & Werner, Sven, 2019. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Heat distribution costs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 604-622.
    16. Danica Djurić Ilić, 2020. "Classification of Measures for Dealing with District Heating Load Variations—A Systematic Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-27, December.
    17. Pia Manz & Katerina Kermeli & Urban Persson & Marius Neuwirth & Tobias Fleiter & Wina Crijns-Graus, 2021. "Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat Is Available from Industrial Sites?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-34, January.
    18. Rämä, Miika & Wahlroos, Mikko, 2018. "Introduction of new decentralised renewable heat supply in an existing district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 68-79.
    19. Stanislav Chicherin & Vladislav Mašatin & Andres Siirde & Anna Volkova, 2020. "Method for Assessing Heat Loss in A District Heating Network with A Focus on the State of Insulation and Actual Demand for Useful Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-15, September.
    20. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2023. "A comparative thermoeconomic analysis of fourth generation and fifth generation district heating and cooling networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7160-:d:928582. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.