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The effect of gender inequality in internet access on energy poverty: A preliminary investigation in developing countries

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  • Ma, Juan
  • Njangang, Henri

Abstract

Energy poverty persists as a significant challenge in emerging nations, as restricted access to contemporary energy services impedes economic growth, education, and overall development. Simultaneously, gender inequality in internet access intensifies social and economic disadvantages, especially for women and girls. This research analyses the impact of gender disparity in Internet access on energy poverty across a panel of 78 developing nations. Employing two-stage instrumental variable least squares (IV-2SLS) methodology, we utilise the availability of secure Internet servers as an instrument for gender inequality in Internet access. Our findings indicate that increased gender equality in Internet access correlates with a decrease in energy poverty. The results indicate that when women have equal internet access, they are more inclined to participate in economic activities that enhance energy access and therefore reduce energy poverty. Mediation analysis indicates that economic growth, education, and income inequality serve as transmission pathways. Policy recommendations are formulated.

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  • Ma, Juan & Njangang, Henri, 2025. "The effect of gender inequality in internet access on energy poverty: A preliminary investigation in developing countries," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(6).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:telpol:v:49:y:2025:i:6:s0308596125000564
    DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102959
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