IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v110y2020icp408-422.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Three decades of subsidiary exits: Parent firm financial performance and moderators

Author

Listed:
  • Coudounaris, Dafnis N.
  • Orero-Blat, María
  • Rodríguez-García, María

Abstract

This study aimed to find important constructs and relationships among models of subsidiary divestment during the period from 1989 to 2018 using correlation matrices of 80 studies, the selection of which was based on six criteria. It revealed eight important constructs, namely firm innovativeness, environmental factors in the target country, type of experience, organizational characteristics, investment strategy, parent firm financial performance, subsidiary divestment, and the moderating effects of advertising intensity and product diversification. Furthermore, it shed light on seven relationships that should be considered in future attempts to assess parent performance related to its antecedents and subsidiary divestment. Moreover, advertising intensity and product diversification were respectively weakening and strengthening moderators on firm financial performance, and advertising intensity was a weakening moderator between organizational characteristics and subsidiary divestment. The implementation of a product diversification policy did not assist in preventing subsidiary divestment. Conclusions, implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Coudounaris, Dafnis N. & Orero-Blat, María & Rodríguez-García, María, 2020. "Three decades of subsidiary exits: Parent firm financial performance and moderators," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 408-422.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:110:y:2020:i:c:p:408-422
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.024
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296320300370
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.024?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hans van Kranenburg & Myriam Cloodt & John Hagedoorn, 2001. "An Exploratory Study of Recent Trends in the Diversification of Dutch Publishing Companies in the Multimedia and Information Industries," International Studies of Management & Organization, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(1), pages 64-86, March.
    2. Chinmay Pattnaik & Jeoung Yul Lee, 2014. "Distance and divestment of Korean MNC affiliates: the moderating role of entry mode and experience," Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 174-196, January.
    3. Sangcheol Song, 2014. "Entry mode irreversibility, host market uncertainty, and foreign subsidiary exits," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 455-471, June.
    4. Haynes, Michelle & Thompson, Steve & Wright, Mike, 2003. "The determinants of corporate divestment: evidence from a panel of UK firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 52(1), pages 147-166, September.
    5. Unknown, 1967. "Index," 1967 Conference, August 21-30, 1967, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 209796, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    6. Jingoo Kang & Jeoung Yul Lee & Pervez N. Ghauri, 2017. "The Interplay of Mahalanobis Distance and Firm Capabilities on MNC Subsidiary Exits from Host Countries," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(3), pages 379-409, June.
    7. Michelle Haynes & Steve Thompson & Mike Wright, 2002. "The Impact of Divestment on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from a Panel of UK Companies," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(2), pages 173-196, June.
    8. Irene M. Duhaime & John H. Grant, 1984. "Factors influencing divestment decision‐making: Evidence from a field study," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(4), pages 301-318, October.
    9. Song, Sangcheol, 2015. "Exchange rate challenges, flexible intra-firm adjustments, and subsidiary longevity," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 36-45.
    10. Li, Yong, 2008. "Duration analysis of venture capital staging: A real options perspective," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 23(5), pages 497-512, September.
    11. Kristien Coucke & Leo Sleuwaegen, 2008. "Offshoring as a survival strategy: evidence from manufacturing firms in Belgium," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(8), pages 1261-1277, December.
    12. René Belderbos & Jianglei Zou, 2007. "On the growth of foreign affiliates: multinational plant networks, joint ventures, and flexibility," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 38(7), pages 1095-1112, December.
    13. Pierre-Xavier Meschi & Emmanuel Métais, 2015. "Too Big to Learn: The Effects of Major Acquisition Failures on Subsequent Acquisition Divestment," Post-Print hal-01839633, HAL.
    14. Heather Berry, 2010. "Why Do Firms Divest?," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 21(2), pages 380-396, April.
    15. Lu, Jane W. & Hebert, Louis, 2005. "Equity control and the survival of international joint ventures: a contingency approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(6), pages 736-745, June.
    16. Chris Changwha Chung & Seung-Hyun Lee & Jeoung-Yul Lee, 2013. "Dual-Option Subsidiaries and Exit Decisions During Times of Economic Crisis," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 53(4), pages 555-577, August.
    17. René Belderbos & Jianglei Zou, 2009. "Real options and foreign affiliate divestments: A portfolio perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 40(4), pages 600-620, May.
    18. Constantinos C. Markides, 1995. "Diversification, restructuring and economic performance," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(2), pages 101-118.
    19. George Peng & Paul Beamish, 2014. "The effect of host country long term orientation on subsidiary ownership and survival," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 423-453, June.
    20. Sangcheol Song & Jeoung Yul Lee, 2017. "Relationship with Headquarters and Divestments of Foreign Subsidiaries: The Hysteresis Perspective," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 545-570, August.
    21. John Cantwell & Ram Mudambi, 2005. "MNE competence‐creating subsidiary mandates," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(12), pages 1109-1128, December.
    22. Hwang, Peter, 2006. "Asset specificity and the fear of exploitation," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 60(3), pages 423-438, July.
    23. Haynes, Michelle & Thompson, Steve & Wright, Mike, 2002. "The Impact of Divestment on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from a Panel of UK Companies," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(2), pages 173-196, June.
    24. Xu, Dean & Lu, Jane W., 2007. "Technological knowledge, product relatedness, and parent control: The effect on IJV survival," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 60(11), pages 1166-1176, November.
    25. Sea Jin Chang & Harbir Singh, 1999. "The impact of modes of entry and resource fit on modes of exit by multibusiness firms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(11), pages 1019-1035, November.
    26. Li Dai & Lorraine Eden & Paul W Beamish, 2013. "Place, space, and geographical exposure: Foreign subsidiary survival in conflict zones," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 44(6), pages 554-578, August.
    27. Arte, Pratik & Larimo, Jorma, 2019. "Taking stock of foreign divestment: Insights and recommendations from three decades of contemporary literature," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(6), pages 1-1.
    28. Durand , Rodolphe & Vergne , Jean-Philippe, 2014. "Asset Divestment as a Response to Media Attacks in Stigmatized Industries," HEC Research Papers Series 1041, HEC Paris.
    29. Wentao Gu & Xuzheng Qian & Junpeng Lu, 2018. "Venture capital and entrepreneurship: a conceptual model and research suggestions," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 35-50, March.
    30. Leonidou, Leonidas C. & Katsikeas, Constantine S. & Samiee, Saeed, 2002. "Marketing strategy determinants of export performance: a meta-analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 51-67, January.
    31. Haynes, Michelle & Thompson, Steve & Wright, Mike, 2000. "The determinants of corporate divestment in the UK," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 18(8), pages 1201-1222, December.
    32. Song, Sangcheol, 2014. "Unfavorable Market Conditions, Institutional and Financial Development, and Exits of Foreign Subsidiaries," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 279-289.
    33. Shige Makino & Christine M. Chan & Takehiko Isobe & Paul W. Beamish, 2007. "Intended and unintended termination of international joint ventures," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(11), pages 1113-1132, November.
    34. Heather Berry, 2013. "When Do Firms Divest Foreign Operations?," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(1), pages 246-261, February.
    35. Jiatao Li, 1995. "Foreign entry and survival: Effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(5), pages 333-351.
    36. Young-Choon Kim & Jane W Lu & Mooweon Rhee, 2012. "Learning from age difference: Interorganizational learning and survival in Japanese foreign subsidiaries," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 43(8), pages 719-745, October.
    37. Maria Benavides-Espinosa & Salvador Roig-Dobón, 2011. "The influence of cultural differences in cooperative learning through joint ventures," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 5(1), pages 69-85, March.
    38. Gabriel R. G. Benito, 2005. "Divestment and international business strategy," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 5(2), pages 235-251, April.
    39. Li Dai & Lorraine Eden & Paul W. Beamish, 2017. "Caught in the crossfire: Dimensions of vulnerability and foreign multinationals' exit from war-afflicted countries," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(7), pages 1478-1498, July.
    40. D Minbaeva & T Pedersen & I Björkman & C F Fey & H J Park, 2003. "MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 34(6), pages 586-599, November.
    41. Donald D. Bergh, 1997. "Predicting divestiture of unrelated acquisitions: an integrative model of ex ante conditions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(9), pages 715-731, October.
    42. Andrew Delios & Dean Xu & Paul W Beamish, 2008. "Within-country product diversification and foreign subsidiary performance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 39(4), pages 706-724, June.
    43. José Mata & Pedro Portugal, 2000. "Closure and divestiture by foreign entrants: the impact of entry and post‐entry strategies," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(5), pages 549-562, May.
    44. Vincent R. Nijs & Marnik G. Dekimpe & Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamps & Dominique M. Hanssens, 2001. "The Category-Demand Effects of Price Promotions," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 1-22, September.
    45. Alex Mohr & Georgios Batsakis & Zita Stone, 2018. "Explaining the effect of rapid internationalization on horizontal foreign divestment in the retail sector: An extended Penrosean perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(7), pages 779-808, September.
    46. Seung Ho Park & Michael V. Russo, 1996. "When Competition Eclipses Cooperation: An Event History Analysis of Joint Venture Failure," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 42(6), pages 875-890, June.
    47. Christine M Chan & Shige Makino & Takehiko Isobe, 2006. "Interdependent behavior in foreign direct investment: the multi-level effects of prior entry and prior exit on foreign market entry," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 37(5), pages 642-665, September.
    48. Praet, Alain, 2013. "Family firms and the divestment decision: An agency perspective," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 34-41.
    49. Jianfeng Wu & Dean Xu & Phillip Phan, 2011. "The effects of ownership concentration and corporate debt on corporate divestitures in Chinese listed firms," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 95-114, March.
    50. Tain-jy Chen & Yi-Ping Chen, 1995. "Foreign Direct Investment," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 57-68.
    51. Demirbag, Mehmet & Apaydin, Marina & Tatoglu, Ekrem, 2011. "Survival of Japanese subsidiaries in the Middle East and North Africa," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 46(4), pages 411-425, October.
    52. Procher, Vivien D. & Engel, Dirk, 2018. "The investment-divestment relationship: Resource shifts and intersubsidiary competition within MNEs," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 528-542.
    53. José Mata & Ernesto Freitas, 2012. "Foreignness and exit over the life cycle of firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 43(7), pages 615-630, September.
    54. Jean J Boddewyn, 1979. "Foreign Divestment: Magnitude and Factors," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 10(1), pages 21-26, March.
    55. Naga Lakshmi Damaraju & Jay B. Barney & Anil K. Makhija, 2015. "Real options in divestment alternatives," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(5), pages 728-744, May.
    56. Chung, Chris Changwha & Lee, Seung-Hyun & Beamish, Paul W. & Southam, Colette & Nam, Daeil (Dale), 2013. "Pitting real options theory against risk diversification theory: International diversification and joint ownership control in economic crisis," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 122-136.
    57. Ram Mudambi & Pietro Navarra, 2004. "Is knowledge power? Knowledge flows, subsidiary power and rent-seeking within MNCs," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(5), pages 385-406, September.
    58. Moschieri, Caterina & Mair, Johanna, 2008. "Research on corporate divestitures: A synthesis," Journal of Management & Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(4), pages 399-422, September.
    59. J. Myles Shaver & Will Mitchell & Bernard Yeung, 1997. "The effect of own‐firm and other‐firm experience on foreign direct investment survival in the United States, 1987–92," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(10), pages 811-824, November.
    60. Thomas Hutzschenreuter & Ingo Kleindienst & Claas Greger, 2018. "Seeking distinctiveness through divestments: CEO succession and the effect of demographic similarity on the divestment of predecessor's investments," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(4), pages 462-474, June.
    61. Gabriel Benito, 1997. "Divestment of foreign production operations," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(10), pages 1365-1378.
    62. Peter Hwang, 2005. "Managing Relational Bond: An Integrative Approach," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 78(2), pages 557-576, March.
    63. Aseem Kaul & Paul Nary & Harbir Singh, 2018. "Who does private equity buy? Evidence on the role of private equity from buyouts of divested businesses," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(5), pages 1268-1298, May.
    64. Rugman, Alan M. & Brewer, Thomas L. (ed.), 2001. "The Oxford Handbook of International Business," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199241828, Decembrie.
    65. Thomas P. Moliterno & Margarethe F. Wiersema, 2007. "Firm performance, rent appropriation, and the strategic resource divestment capability," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(11), pages 1065-1087, November.
    66. Sangcheol Song, 2014. "Subsidiary Divestment: The Role of Multinational Flexibility," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 47-70, February.
    67. Bruce Kogut & Nalin Kulatilaka, 1994. "Operating Flexibility, Global Manufacturing, and the Option Value of a Multinational Network," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(1), pages 123-139, January.
    68. Baden-Fuller, Charles W F, 1989. "Exit from Declining Industries and the Case of Steel Castings," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 99(398), pages 949-961, December.
    69. H. Kevin Steensma & Marjorie A. Lyles, 2000. "Explaining IJV survival in a transitional economy through social exchange and knowledge‐based perspectives," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(8), pages 831-851, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ryan W. Tang & Ying Zhu & Hongbo Cai & Jinrong Han, 2021. "De-internationalization: A Thematic Review and the Directions Forward," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 61(3), pages 267-312, June.
    2. Miriam Flickinger & Miriam Zschoche, 2023. "The Interplay of Subsidiary Performance and Cultural Distance in International Downsizing Decisions," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 75(2), pages 127-147, June.
    3. Luíza Neves Marques Fonseca & Angela Rocha, 2023. "Setbacks, interruptions and turnarounds in the internationalization process: a bibliometric and literature review of de-internationalization," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(3), pages 1351-1384, September.
    4. Li Dai & Lorraine Eden & Paul W. Beamish, 2023. "The timing and mode of foreign exit from conflict zones: A behavioral perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(6), pages 1090-1104, August.
    5. Xu, Jingjing & Huang, Haijie & Lee, Edward & Petaibanlue, Jirada, 2023. "Does goodwill pressure drive business restructuring based on subsidiary disposal?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    6. Marty Reilly & Esther Tippmann & Pamela Sharkey Scott, 2023. "Subsidiary closures and relocations in the multinational enterprise: Reinstating cooperation in subsidiaries to enable knowledge transfer," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(6), pages 997-1026, August.
    7. Nguyen, Ha Thi Thu & Larimo, Jorma & Ghauri, Pervez, 2022. "Understanding foreign divestment: The impacts of economic and political friction," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 675-691.
    8. Lee, Jeoung Yul & Jiménez, Alfredo & Yang, Young Soo & Irisboev, Ilkhom, 2022. "The evolution of emerging market firms and time until subsidiary exit: Competitive dynamics of domestic market followers and contingency factors," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 694-704.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ryan W. Tang & Ying Zhu & Hongbo Cai & Jinrong Han, 2021. "De-internationalization: A Thematic Review and the Directions Forward," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 61(3), pages 267-312, June.
    2. Arte, Pratik & Larimo, Jorma, 2019. "Taking stock of foreign divestment: Insights and recommendations from three decades of contemporary literature," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 28(6), pages 1-1.
    3. Schmid, David & Morschett, Dirk, 2020. "Decades of research on foreign subsidiary divestment: What do we really know about its antecedents?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(4).
    4. Sousa, Carlos M.P. & He, Xinming & Lengler, Jorge & Tang, Linhan, 2021. "Foreign market re-entry: A review and future research directions," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(2).
    5. Danchi Tan & Weichieh Su & Joseph T. Mahoney & Yasemin Kor, 2020. "A review of research on the growth of multinational enterprises: A Penrosean lens," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(4), pages 498-537, June.
    6. Belderbos, René & De Michiel, Federico & Sleuwaegen, Leo & Wu, Shubin, 2021. "Global market integration, efficiency orientation, and drivers of foreign subsidiary divestments," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(5).
    7. Ozkan, Kubilay S.L., 2020. "International market exit by firms: Misalignment of strategy with the foreign market risk environment," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(6).
    8. Qun Tan & Carlos M. P. Sousa, 2019. "Why Poor Performance is Not Enough for a Foreign Exit: The Importance of Innovation Capability and International Experience," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 59(3), pages 465-498, June.
    9. Wu, Yan & Strange, Roger & Shirodkar, Vikrant, 2021. "MNE divestments of foreign affiliates: Does the strategic role of the affiliate have an impact?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 266-278.
    10. Li Dai & Lorraine Eden & Paul W. Beamish, 2023. "The timing and mode of foreign exit from conflict zones: A behavioral perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 54(6), pages 1090-1104, August.
    11. Alex Mohr & Georgios Batsakis & Zita Stone, 2018. "Explaining the effect of rapid internationalization on horizontal foreign divestment in the retail sector: An extended Penrosean perspective," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(7), pages 779-808, September.
    12. Wang, Yi & Larimo, Jorma, 2020. "Survival of full versus partial acquisitions: The moderating role of firm’s internationalization experience, cultural distance, and host country context characteristics," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(1).
    13. Viacheslav Iurkov & Gabriel R G Benito, 2020. "Change in domestic network centrality, uncertainty, and the foreign divestment decisions of firms," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 51(5), pages 788-812, July.
    14. Nguyen, Ha Thi Thu & Larimo, Jorma & Ghauri, Pervez, 2022. "Understanding foreign divestment: The impacts of economic and political friction," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 675-691.
    15. Procher, Vivien D. & Engel, Dirk, 2018. "The investment-divestment relationship: Resource shifts and intersubsidiary competition within MNEs," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 528-542.
    16. Brown, T. & Panibratov, A., 2016. "Foreign divestment decisions: A theoretical framework," Working Papers 6450, Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University.
    17. Konara, Palitha & Ganotakis, Panagiotis, 2020. "Firm-specific resources and foreign divestments via selloffs: Value is in the eye of the beholder," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 423-434.
    18. Lee, Hyoungjin & Chung, Chris Changwha, 2022. "Go small or go home: Operational exposure to violent conflicts and foreign subsidiary exit," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(6).
    19. Schmid, David & Morschett, Dirk, 2023. "Retailers’ foreign market exits over time: A strategic management perspective," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(5).
    20. Castellões, Bernardo & Silva-Rêgo, Bernardo & Dib, Luís Antônio, 2023. "Understanding divestment from an Uppsala school perspective," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(5).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:110:y:2020:i:c:p:408-422. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.