IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbfina/v180y2025ics037842662500161x.html

Assessing the bank lending channel of macroprudential policy: Evidence from the loan-to-deposit ratio regulation in Korea

Author

Listed:
  • Ahn, JaeBin
  • Kim, Youngju
  • Lim, Hyunjoon

Abstract

This paper studies the impact of the loan-to-deposit (LTD) ratio regulation – a specific macroprudential policy instrument introduced in Korea – on bank-level lending supply and the subsequent firm-level real consequences. The bank-firm-level matched loan data reveals that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) were particularly hit by adverse lending supply shocks from banks with higher pre-regulation LTD ratios. However, they were compensated by new loans extended by banks with lower pre-regulation LTD ratios as well as unregulated non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs). After all, the regulation did not result in adverse consequences on firm-level net credit or real performance, possibly at the cost of rising corporate loans extended by the shadow banking system.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahn, JaeBin & Kim, Youngju & Lim, Hyunjoon, 2025. "Assessing the bank lending channel of macroprudential policy: Evidence from the loan-to-deposit ratio regulation in Korea," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:180:y:2025:i:c:s037842662500161x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2025.107541
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037842662500161X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2025.107541?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mr. Eugenio M Cerutti & Haonan Zhou, 2018. "Cross-border Banking and the Circumvention of Macroprudential and Capital Control Measures," IMF Working Papers 2018/217, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Ahnert, Toni & Forbes, Kristin & Friedrich, Christian & Reinhardt, Dennis, 2021. "Macroprudential FX regulations: Shifting the snowbanks of FX vulnerability?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(1), pages 145-174.
    3. James DiSalvo & Ryan Johnston, 2017. "The Rise in Loan-to-Deposit Ratios: Is 80 the New 60?," Economic Insights, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, vol. 2(3), pages 18-23, July.
    4. Jayaratne, Jith & Morgan, Donald P, 2000. "Capital Market Frictions and Deposit Constraints at Banks," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 32(1), pages 74-92, February.
    5. repec:imf:imfdep:2023/002 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. José-Luis Peydró [AP BACKUP – NOW EXTERNAL] & Cecilia Dassatti Camors & Sergio Vicente & Francesc R Tous & José-Luis Peydró, 2019. "Macroprudential and Monetary Policy: Loan-Level Evidence from Reserve Requirements," Working Papers 1091, Barcelona School of Economics.
    7. Jan Willem Van den End, 2016. "A macroprudential approach to address liquidity risk with the loan-to-deposit ratio," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(3), pages 237-253, February.
    8. Iyer, Rajkamal & Da-Rocha-Lopes, Samuel & Peydró, José-Luis & Schoar, Antoinette, 2014. "Interbank Liquidity Crunch and the Firm Credit Crunch: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Crisis," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 27(1), pages 347-372.
    9. Soyoung Kim & Aaron Mehrotra, 2018. "Effects of Monetary and Macroprudential Policies—Evidence from Four Inflation Targeting Economies," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(5), pages 967-992, August.
    10. Pol Antràs & C. Fritz Foley, 2015. "Poultry in Motion: A Study of International Trade Finance Practices," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 123(4), pages 853-901.
    11. Gabriel Jiménez & Steven Ongena & José-Luis Peydró & Jesús Saurina, 2017. "Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers, and Credit Supply: Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 125(6), pages 2126-2177.
    12. Reint Gropp & Thomas Mosk & Steven Ongena & Carlo Wix, 2019. "Banks Response to Higher Capital Requirements: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(1), pages 266-299.
    13. Stijn Claessens, 2015. "An Overview of Macroprudential Policy Tools," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 397-422, December.
    14. Gambacorta, Leonardo & Murcia, Andrés, 2020. "The impact of macroprudential policies in Latin America: An empirical analysis using credit registry data," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    15. Richter, Björn & Schularick, Moritz & Shim, Ilhyock, 2019. "The costs of macroprudential policy," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 263-282.
    16. Kinda Hachem, 2018. "Shadow Banking in China," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 10(1), pages 287-308, November.
    17. Angela Maddalonia & Jose-Luis Peydro, 2013. "Monetary Policy, macroprudential Policy, and Banking Stability: Evidence from the Euro Area," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 9(1), pages 121-169, March.
    18. Janko Cizel & Jon Frost & Aerdt Houben & Peter Wierts, 2019. "Effective Macroprudential Policy: Cross‐Sector Substitution from Price and Quantity Measures," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 51(5), pages 1209-1235, August.
    19. Ivashina, Victoria & Scharfstein, David, 2010. "Bank lending during the financial crisis of 2008," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(3), pages 319-338, September.
    20. Manasa Gopal & Philipp Schnabl, 2022. "The Rise of Finance Companies and FinTech Lenders in Small Business Lending," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 35(11), pages 4859-4901.
    21. Jiménez, Gabriel & Mian, Atif & Peydró, José-Luis & Saurina, Jesús, 2020. "The real effects of the bank lending channel," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 162-179.
    22. Benjamin Nelson & Gabor Pinter & Konstantinos Theodoridis, 2018. "Do contractionary monetary policy shocks expand shadow banking?," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(2), pages 198-211, March.
    23. Jon Frost & Jakob de Haan & Neeltje van Horen, 2017. "International Banking and Cross-Border Effects of Regulation: Lessons from the Netherlands," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 13(2), pages 293-313, March.
    24. Timothy Dunne & Mark J. Roberts & Larry Samuelson, 1989. "The Growth and Failure of U. S. Manufacturing Plants," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 104(4), pages 671-698.
    25. Rustom M Irani & Rajkamal Iyer & Ralf R Meisenzahl & José-Luis Peydró, 2021. "The Rise of Shadow Banking: Evidence from Capital Regulation [Securities trading by banks and credit supply: Micro-evidence from the crisis]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(5), pages 2181-2235.
    26. Gabriele Galati & Richhild Moessner, 2018. "What Do We Know About the Effects of Macroprudential Policy?," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 85(340), pages 735-770, October.
    27. Dennis Reinhardt & Rhiannon Sowerbutts, 2015. "Regulatory arbitrage in action: evidence from banking flows and macroprudential policy," Bank of England Staff Working Paper series 546, Bank of England.
    28. Asim Ijaz Khwaja & Atif Mian, 2008. "Tracing the Impact of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(4), pages 1413-1442, September.
    29. Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, 2014. "The Employment Effects of Credit Market Disruptions: Firm-level Evidence from the 2008-9 Financial Crisis," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(1), pages 1-59.
    30. Cabral, Inês & Detken, Carsten & Fell, John & Henry, Jérôme & Hiebert, Paul & Kapadia, Sujit & Pires, Fatima & Salleo, Carmelo & Constâncio, Vítor & Nicoletti Altimari, Sergio, 2019. "Macroprudential policy at the ECB: Institutional framework, strategy, analytical tools and policies," Occasional Paper Series 227, European Central Bank.
    31. Philipp Schnabl, 2012. "The International Transmission of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(3), pages 897-932, June.
    32. Shekhar Aiyar & Charles W. Calomiris & Tomasz Wieladek, 2014. "Does Macro‐Prudential Regulation Leak? Evidence from a UK Policy Experiment," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 46(s1), pages 181-214, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Araujo, Juliana & Patnam, Manasa & Popescu, Adina & Valencia, Fabian & Yao, Weijia, 2024. "Effects of macroprudential policy: Evidence from over 6000 estimates," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    2. Ms. Juliana Dutra Araujo & Manasa Patnam & Ms. Adina Popescu & Mr. Fabian Valencia & Weijia Yao, 2020. "Effects of Macroprudential Policy: Evidence from Over 6,000 Estimates," IMF Working Papers 2020/067, International Monetary Fund.
    3. Alper, Koray & Baskaya, Soner & Shi, Shuren, 2025. "How do macroprudential policies affect corporate investment? Insights from EIBIS data," EIB Working Papers 2025/02, European Investment Bank (EIB).
    4. Vashold, Lukas, 2025. "Heterogeneous responses of capital flows to macroprudential policies: Evidence from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    5. Kristin J. Forbes, 2021. "The International Aspects of Macroprudential Policy," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 13(1), pages 203-228, August.
    6. Sikalao-Lekobane, Onneetse L., 2025. "Do macroprudential policies influence FinTech credit growth?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    7. Katharina Bergant & Francesco Grigoli & Niels‐Jakob Hansen & Damiano Sandri, 2024. "Dampening Global Financial Shocks: Can Macroprudential Regulation Help (More than Capital Controls)?," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 56(6), pages 1405-1438, September.
    8. Norring, Anni, 2022. "Taming the tides of capital: Review of capital controls and macroprudential policy in emerging economies," BoF Economics Review 1/2022, Bank of Finland.
    9. Scalco, Paulo R. & Tabak, Benjamin M. & Teixeira, Anderson M., 2021. "Prudential measures and their adverse effects on bank competition: The case of Brazil," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    10. Kim, Soyoung & Mehrotra, Aaron, 2022. "Examining macroprudential policy and its macroeconomic effects – Some new evidence," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    11. Finaldi Russo, Paolo & Nigro, Valentina & Pastorelli, Sabrina, 2024. "Bank lending to small firms: Metamorphosis of a financing model," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 13-31.
    12. Berger, Allen N. & Molyneux, Phil & Wilson, John O.S., 2020. "Banks and the real economy: An assessment of the research," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    13. Malovaná, Simona & Hodula, Martin & Gric, Zuzana & Bajzík, Josef, 2023. "Macroprudential policy in central banks: Integrated or separate? Survey among academics and central bankers," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    14. Stijn Claessens & Giulio Cornelli & Leonardo Gambacorta & Francesco Manaresi & Yasushi Shiinad, 2023. "Do Macroprudential Policies Affect Non-bank Financial Intermediation?," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 19(5), pages 185-236, December.
    15. De Schryder, Selien & Opitz, Frederic, 2021. "Macroprudential policy and its impact on the credit cycle," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    16. Kumar, Sanjiv & Prabheesh, K.P. & Bashar, Omar, 2022. "Examining the effectiveness of macroprudential policy in India," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 91-113.
    17. Ybrayev, Zhandos & Baizakov, Azamat & Kailrullayev, Erlan & Mukhambetzhanova, Dana, 2025. "Macroprudential policy effectiveness and interaction with monetary policy: Lessons from debt service-to-income cap implementation in Kazakhstan," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 49(1).
    18. Mokas, Dimitris & Giuliodori, Massimo, 2023. "Effects of LTV announcements in EU economies," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    19. Viral V. Acharya & Katharina Bergant & Matteo Crosignani & Tim Eisert & Fergal Mccann, 2022. "The Anatomy of the Transmission of Macroprudential Policies," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 77(5), pages 2533-2575, October.
    20. Iñaki Aldasoro & Sebastian Doerr & Haonan Zhou, 2025. "Non-bank lending during crises," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 29(6), pages 1809-1832.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:180:y:2025:i:c:s037842662500161x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbf .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.