IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v219y2020i1p66-100.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Estimation and inference of change points in high-dimensional factor models

Author

Listed:
  • Bai, Jushan
  • Han, Xu
  • Shi, Yutang

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the estimation of break points in high-dimensional factor models where the unobserved factors are estimated by principal component analysis (PCA). The factor loading matrix is assumed to have a structural break at an unknown time. We establish the conditions under which the least squares (LS) estimator is consistent for the break date. Our consistency result holds for both large and small breaks. We also find the LS estimator’s asymptotic distribution. Simulation results confirm that the break date can be accurately estimated by the LS even if the magnitudes of breaks are small. In two empirical applications, we implement the method to estimate break points in the U.S. stock market and U.S. macroeconomy, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Bai, Jushan & Han, Xu & Shi, Yutang, 2020. "Estimation and inference of change points in high-dimensional factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 219(1), pages 66-100.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:econom:v:219:y:2020:i:1:p:66-100
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.08.013
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407620301172
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.08.013?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bai, Jushan & Ng, Serena, 2010. "Instrumental Variable Estimation In A Data Rich Environment," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(6), pages 1577-1606, December.
    2. Bates, Brandon J. & Plagborg-Møller, Mikkel & Stock, James H. & Watson, Mark W., 2013. "Consistent factor estimation in dynamic factor models with structural instability," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 177(2), pages 289-304.
    3. Jianqing Fan & Yuan Liao & Martina Mincheva, 2013. "Large covariance estimation by thresholding principal orthogonal complements," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 75(4), pages 603-680, September.
    4. Lu, Xun & Su, Liangjun, 2016. "Shrinkage estimation of dynamic panel data models with interactive fixed effects," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 190(1), pages 148-175.
    5. Gonçalves, Sílvia & Perron, Benoit, 2014. "Bootstrapping factor-augmented regression models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 156-173.
    6. Jushan Bai & Serena Ng, 2002. "Determining the Number of Factors in Approximate Factor Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(1), pages 191-221, January.
    7. Ma, Shujie & Su, Liangjun, 2018. "Estimation of large dimensional factor models with an unknown number of breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 207(1), pages 1-29.
    8. Dukpa Kim, 2014. "Common breaks in time trends for large panel data with a factor structure," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 17(3), pages 301-337, October.
    9. Breitung, Jörg & Eickmeier, Sandra, 2011. "Testing for structural breaks in dynamic factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 163(1), pages 71-84, July.
    10. Chen, Liang, 2015. "Estimating the common break date in large factor models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 70-74.
    11. Massacci, Daniele, 2017. "Least squares estimation of large dimensional threshold factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 197(1), pages 101-129.
    12. Chen, Liang & Dolado, Juan J. & Gonzalo, Jesús, 2014. "Detecting big structural breaks in large factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 180(1), pages 30-48.
    13. Jushan Bai & Serena Ng, 2004. "A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 72(4), pages 1127-1177, July.
    14. Anindya Banerjee & Massimiliano Marcellino & Igor Masten, 2008. "Forecasting Macroeconomic Variables Using Diffusion Indexes in Short Samples with Structural Change," Working Papers 334, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University.
    15. Cheng Hsiao & H. Steve Ching & Shui Ki Wan, 2012. "A Panel Data Approach For Program Evaluation: Measuring The Benefits Of Political And Economic Integration Of Hong Kong With Mainland China," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(5), pages 705-740, August.
    16. Bai, Jushan, 1997. "Estimating Multiple Breaks One at a Time," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(3), pages 315-352, June.
    17. Xu Cheng & Zhipeng Liao & Frank Schorfheide, 2016. "Shrinkage Estimation of High-Dimensional Factor Models with Structural Instabilities," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 83(4), pages 1511-1543.
    18. Kim, Dukpa, 2011. "Estimating a common deterministic time trend break in large panels with cross sectional dependence," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 164(2), pages 310-330, October.
    19. Corradi, Valentina & Swanson, Norman R., 2014. "Testing for structural stability of factor augmented forecasting models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 100-118.
    20. Ben S. Bernanke & Jean Boivin & Piotr Eliasz, 2005. "Measuring the Effects of Monetary Policy: A Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive (FAVAR) Approach," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 120(1), pages 387-422.
    21. Bai, Jushan, 2010. "Common breaks in means and variances for panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 157(1), pages 78-92, July.
    22. Baltagi, Badi H. & Kao, Chihwa & Wang, Fa, 2017. "Identification and estimation of a large factor model with structural instability," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 197(1), pages 87-100.
    23. Yohei Yamamoto, 2016. "Forecasting With Nonspurious Factors in U.S. Macroeconomic Time Series," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(1), pages 81-106, January.
    24. Jushan Bai, 2003. "Inferential Theory for Factor Models of Large Dimensions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(1), pages 135-171, January.
    25. Han, Xu & Inoue, Atsushi, 2015. "Tests For Parameter Instability In Dynamic Factor Models," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 31(5), pages 1117-1152, October.
    26. Marc P. Giannoni & Jean Boivin, 2005. "DSGE Models in a Data-Rich Environment," Computing in Economics and Finance 2005 431, Society for Computational Economics.
    27. Jushan Bai, 1997. "Estimation Of A Change Point In Multiple Regression Models," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 79(4), pages 551-563, November.
    28. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2006. "Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 74(4), pages 967-1012, July.
    29. Jenish, Nazgul & Prucha, Ingmar R., 2009. "Central limit theorems and uniform laws of large numbers for arrays of random fields," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 150(1), pages 86-98, May.
    30. Badi H. Baltagi & Chihwa Kao & Long Liu, 2017. "Estimation and identification of change points in panel models with nonstationary or stationary regressors and error term," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(1-3), pages 85-102, March.
    31. Baltagi, Badi H. & Feng, Qu & Kao, Chihwa, 2016. "Estimation of heterogeneous panels with structural breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 191(1), pages 176-195.
    32. Degui Li & Junhui Qian & Liangjun Su, 2016. "Panel Data Models With Interactive Fixed Effects and Multiple Structural Breaks," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 111(516), pages 1804-1819, October.
    33. El Machkouri, Mohamed & Volný, Dalibor & Wu, Wei Biao, 2013. "A central limit theorem for stationary random fields," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 123(1), pages 1-14.
    34. Stock, James H & Watson, Mark W, 1996. "Evidence on Structural Instability in Macroeconomic Time Series Relations," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 14(1), pages 11-30, January.
    35. Stock, James H & Watson, Mark W, 2002. "Macroeconomic Forecasting Using Diffusion Indexes," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(2), pages 147-162, April.
    36. Yamamoto, Yohei & Tanaka, Shinya, 2015. "Testing for factor loading structural change under common breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 189(1), pages 187-206.
    37. Jushan Bai, 2009. "Panel Data Models With Interactive Fixed Effects," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(4), pages 1229-1279, July.
    38. Jushan Bai & Xu Han, 2016. "Structural Changes in High Dimensional Factor Models," Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities, Higher Education Press, vol. 11(1), pages 9-39, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Duan, Jiangtao & Bai, Jushan & Han, Xu, 2023. "Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation of break point in high-dimensional factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 209-236.
    2. Wang, Lu & Zhou, Ruichao & Wu, Jianhong, 2021. "Determining the number of breaks in large dimensional factor models with structural changes," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    3. Matteo Barigozzi & Marc Hallin, 2023. "Dynamic Factor Models: a Genealogy," Papers 2310.17278, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2024.
    4. Zhou, Ruichao & Wu, Jianhong, 2023. "Determining the number of change-points in high-dimensional factor models by cross-validation with matrix completion," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    5. Wang, Lu & Wu, Jianhong, 2022. "Estimation of high-dimensional factor models with multiple structural changes," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    6. Giovanni Urga & Fa Wang, 2022. "Estimation and Inference for High Dimensional Factor Model with Regime Switching," Papers 2205.12126, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2023.
    7. Bai, Jushan & Duan, Jiangtao & Han, Xu, 2024. "The likelihood ratio test for structural changes in factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 238(2).
    8. Urga, Giovanni & Wang, Fa, 2022. "Estimation and Inference for High Dimensional Factor Model with Regime Switching," MPRA Paper 117012, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 10 Apr 2023.
    9. Wu, Jianhong, 2021. "Estimation of high dimensional factor model with multiple threshold-type regime shifts," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    10. Cui, Junfeng & Wang, Guanghui & Zou, Changliang & Wang, Zhaojun, 2023. "Change-point testing for parallel data sets with FDR control," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    11. Ma, Chenchen & Tu, Yundong, 2023. "Group fused Lasso for large factor models with multiple structural breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 132-154.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alessandro Casini & Pierre Perron, 2018. "Structural Breaks in Time Series," Boston University - Department of Economics - Working Papers Series WP2019-02, Boston University - Department of Economics.
    2. Ma, Chenchen & Tu, Yundong, 2023. "Group fused Lasso for large factor models with multiple structural breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 132-154.
    3. Duan, Jiangtao & Bai, Jushan & Han, Xu, 2023. "Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation of break point in high-dimensional factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 209-236.
    4. Baltagi, Badi H. & Kao, Chihwa & Wang, Fa, 2021. "Estimating and testing high dimensional factor models with multiple structural changes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 220(2), pages 349-365.
    5. Ma, Shujie & Su, Liangjun, 2018. "Estimation of large dimensional factor models with an unknown number of breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 207(1), pages 1-29.
    6. Bai, Jushan & Duan, Jiangtao & Han, Xu, 2024. "The likelihood ratio test for structural changes in factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 238(2).
    7. Barigozzi, Matteo & Trapani, Lorenzo, 2020. "Sequential testing for structural stability in approximate factor models," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 130(8), pages 5149-5187.
    8. Chen, Sanpan & Cui, Guowei & Zhang, Jianhua, 2017. "On testing for structural break of coefficients in factor-augmented regression models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 141-145.
    9. Catherine Doz & Peter Fuleky, 2019. "Dynamic Factor Models," Working Papers 2019-4, University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
    10. Baltagi, Badi H. & Kao, Chihwa & Wang, Fa, 2017. "Identification and estimation of a large factor model with structural instability," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 197(1), pages 87-100.
    11. Badi H. Baltagi & Qu Feng & Chihwa Kao, 2019. "Structural changes in heterogeneous panels with endogenous regressors," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(6), pages 883-892, September.
    12. Barigozzi, Matteo & Cho, Haeran & Fryzlewicz, Piotr, 2018. "Simultaneous multiple change-point and factor analysis for high-dimensional time series," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 206(1), pages 187-225.
    13. Wang, Lu & Wu, Jianhong, 2022. "Estimation of high-dimensional factor models with multiple structural changes," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    14. Baltagi, Badi H. & Feng, Qu & Kao, Chihwa, 2016. "Estimation of heterogeneous panels with structural breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 191(1), pages 176-195.
    15. Horváth, Lajos & Rice, Gregory, 2019. "Asymptotics for empirical eigenvalue processes in high-dimensional linear factor models," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 138-165.
    16. Zhou, Ruichao & Wu, Jianhong, 2023. "Determining the number of change-points in high-dimensional factor models by cross-validation with matrix completion," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    17. Smith, Simon C. & Timmermann, Allan & Zhu, Yinchu, 2019. "Variable selection in panel models with breaks," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 212(1), pages 323-344.
    18. Stock, J.H. & Watson, M.W., 2016. "Dynamic Factor Models, Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressions, and Structural Vector Autoregressions in Macroeconomics," Handbook of Macroeconomics, in: J. B. Taylor & Harald Uhlig (ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 415-525, Elsevier.
    19. Jan Ditzen & Yiannis Karavias & Joakim Westerlund, 2022. "Multiple Structural Breaks in Interactive Effects Panel Data and the Impact of Quantitative Easing on Bank Lending," Papers 2211.06707, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2023.
    20. Fu, Zhonghao & Hong, Yongmiao & Wang, Xia, 2023. "Testing for structural changes in large dimensional factor models via discrete Fourier transform," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 302-331.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Structural changes; High-dimensional factor models; Break point inference;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C12 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Hypothesis Testing: General
    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • C38 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Classification Methdos; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Analysis

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:econom:v:219:y:2020:i:1:p:66-100. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jeconom .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.