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Shadow Education: Evolution, Flaws And Further Development Of The Term

Author

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  • Muhammad Abid MALIK

    (Virtual University of Pakistan, Pakistan)

Abstract

Shadow education stands for those activities which are designed to improve students’ academic learning in examinable subjects taught in a formal school. This paper looks at the historical development of the term, and how it has been defined differently by different researchers. The paper challenges different definitions and conceptualizations about shadow education and try to stimulate further inquiry about it. It points out some flaws in those definitions and why they need to be modified with the changing time and expanding boundaries of the field. Furthermore, it looks at different terms which are frequently used interchangeably for shadow education and their appropriateness. Using different elements of those definitions, the paper comes up with a definition and subcategories of shadow education which may reduce some of the confusions arising from existing definitions and parameters.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Abid MALIK, 2017. "Shadow Education: Evolution, Flaws And Further Development Of The Term," Social Sciences and Education Research Review, Department of Communication, Journalism and Education Sciences, University of Craiova, vol. 4(1), pages 6-29, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:edt:jsserr:v:4:y:2017:i:1:p:6-29
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bray, Mark & Kwok, Percy, 2003. "Demand for private supplementary tutoring: conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 611-620, December.
    2. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa & Liu, Junyan & Zhang, Wei, 2016. "The internal dynamics of privatised public education: Fee-charging supplementary tutoring provided by teachers in Cambodia," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 291-299.
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    Cited by:

    1. Arif Jamal Habib Gokak & Smita Mehendale & Sanjay M. Bhāle, 2023. "Modelling and analysis for higher education shadow institutions in Indian context: an ISM approach," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 3425-3451, August.
    2. Hajar, Anas & Karakus, Mehmet, 2024. "A bibliometric analysis of shadow education in Asia: Private supplementary tutoring and its implications," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    shadow education; private tutoring; definition; shadow teaching; historical development;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • A2 - General Economics and Teaching - - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics

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