IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/coecpo/v43y2025i2p292-318.html

Hurdles to hops: How self‐distribution laws affect craft brewery output

Author

Listed:
  • James M. Harrison
  • Darrell J. Glaser

Abstract

We examine the impact of laws that allow breweries to bypass distributors. We construct a model of heterogeneous firms where some states require pairing with distributors who charge fixed and marginal costs in return for additional market share. The model predicts that states without such requirements have higher output and employment due to greater entry and firm‐level production. To test this model, we exploit the adoption of self‐distribution laws from 2008 to 2019. We find that states that do not require a distributor have higher brewery output and employment, and that this is primarily driven by a greater entry of breweries.

Suggested Citation

  • James M. Harrison & Darrell J. Glaser, 2025. "Hurdles to hops: How self‐distribution laws affect craft brewery output," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 43(2), pages 292-318, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:coecpo:v:43:y:2025:i:2:p:292-318
    DOI: 10.1111/coep.12668
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12668
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/coep.12668?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Crozet, Matthieu & Lalanne, Guy & Poncet, Sandra, 2013. "Wholesalers in international trade," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1-17.
    2. Schott, Peter & Yang, Natalie & Eckert, Fabian & Fort, Teresa, 2020. "Imputing Missing Values in the US Census Bureau's County Business Patterns," CEPR Discussion Papers 14352, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
    3. Trey Malone & Jayson L. Lusk, 2016. "Brewing up entrepreneurship: government intervention in beer," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 5(3), pages 325-342, November.
    4. Clément de Chaisemartin & Xavier D'Haultfœuille, 2020. "Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 110(9), pages 2964-2996, September.
    5. Victor Tremblay & Natsuko Iwasaki & Carol Tremblay, 2005. "The Dynamics of Industry Concentration for U.S. Micro and Macro Brewers," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 26(3), pages 307-324, December.
    6. Michael McCullough & Joshua Berning & Jason L. Hanson, 2019. "Learning By Brewing: Homebrewing Legalization And The Brewing Industry," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 37(1), pages 25-39, January.
    7. Sant’Anna, Pedro H.C. & Zhao, Jun, 2020. "Doubly robust difference-in-differences estimators," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 219(1), pages 101-122.
    8. Clarke, Damian & Pailañir, Daniel & Athey, Susan & Imbens, Guido W., 2023. "Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Estimation," IZA Discussion Papers 15907, IZA Network @ LISER.
    9. Elzinga, Kenneth G. & Tremblay, Carol Horton & Tremblay, Victor J., 2015. "Craft Beer in the United States: History, Numbers, and Geography," Journal of Wine Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(3), pages 242-274, December.
    10. Crozet, Matthieu & Lalanne, Guy & Poncet, Sandra, 2013. "Wholesalers in international trade," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1-17.
    11. Anders Akerman, 2018. "A theory on the role of wholesalers in international trade based on economies of scope," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 51(1), pages 156-185, February.
    12. Neil Reid, 2021. "Craft Beer Tourism: The Search for Authenticity, Diversity, and Great Beer," Advances in Spatial Science, in: Mauro Ferrante & Oliver Fritz & Özge Öner (ed.), Regional Science Perspectives on Tourism and Hospitality, edition 1, pages 317-337, Springer.
    13. Dmitry Arkhangelsky & Susan Athey & David A. Hirshberg & Guido W. Imbens & Stefan Wager, 2021. "Synthetic Difference-in-Differences," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 111(12), pages 4088-4118, December.
    14. Stephan F. Gohmann, 2016. "Why Are There so Few Breweries in the South?," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 40(5), pages 1071-1092, September.
    15. Connolly, Cristina & Graziano, Marcello & McDonnell, Alyssa & Steinbach, Sandro, 2023. "In Cervisia Veritas: The impact of repealing Sunday blue laws on alcohol sales and retail competition," Journal of Wine Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(4), pages 312-323, November.
    16. Ahn, JaeBin & Khandelwal, Amit K. & Wei, Shang-Jin, 2011. "The role of intermediaries in facilitating trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(1), pages 73-85, May.
    17. Joe Kerkvliet & William Nebesky & Carol Tremblay & Victor Tremblay, 1998. "Efficiency and Technological Change in the U.S. Brewing Industry," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 10(3), pages 271-288, November.
    18. Jacob Burgdorf, 2021. "Franchise Termination Laws, Craft Brewery Entry and Growth," EAG Discussions Papers 202103, Department of Justice, Antitrust Division.
    19. Sass, Tim R & Saurman, David S, 1996. "Efficiency Effects of Exclusive Territories: Evidence from the Indiana Beer Market," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 34(3), pages 597-615, July.
    20. Rojas Christian, 2012. "The Effect of Mandated Exclusive Territories in the US Brewing Industry," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 12(1), pages 1-41, May.
    21. repec:hal:pseose:halshs-01510997 is not listed on IDEAS
    22. Brester, Gary W. & McCullough, Michael & Atwood, Joseph & Austin, Caroline, 2023. "Beer Excise Taxes and the Craft Beverage and Modernization Tax Reform Act," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 48(2), May.
    23. Dobis, Elizabeth A. & Reid, Neil & Schmidt, Claudia & Goetz, Stephan J., 2019. "The Role of Craft Breweries in Expanding (Local) Hop Production," Journal of Wine Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(4), pages 374-382, November.
    24. Sass, Tim R & Saurman, David S, 1993. "Mandated Exclusive Territories and Economic Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of the Malt-Beverage Industry," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 36(1), pages 153-177, April.
    25. Burgdorf, Jacob, 2019. "Impact of mandated exclusive territories in the US brewing industry: Evidence from scanner level data," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 376-416.
    26. Dmitry Arkhangelsky & David Hirshberg, 2023. "Large-Sample Properties of the Synthetic Control Method under Selection on Unobservables," Papers 2311.13575, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2023.
    27. Sun, Liyang & Abraham, Sarah, 2021. "Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 175-199.
    28. Nathan Palardy & Marco Costanigro & Joseph Cannon & Dawn Thilmany & Joshua Berning & Jude Bayham & Jeff Callaway, 2023. "Beer sales in grocery and convenience stores: a glass half-full for craft brewers?," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(10), pages 1981-1994, October.
    29. Callaway, Brantly & Sant’Anna, Pedro H.C., 2021. "Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 200-230.
    30. Bernardo S. Blum & Sebastian Claro & Ignatius Horstmann, 2010. "Facts and Figures on Intermediated Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(2), pages 419-423, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Carballo, Jerónimo & Rodriguez Chatruc, Marisol & Salas Santa, Catalina & Volpe Martincus, Christian, 2022. "Online business platforms and international trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    2. Ben Deaner & Chen-Wei Hsiang & Andrei Zeleneev, 2025. "Inferring Treatment Effects in Large Panels by Uncovering Latent Similarities," Papers 2503.20769, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2025.
    3. Burgdorf, Jacob, 2019. "Impact of mandated exclusive territories in the US brewing industry: Evidence from scanner level data," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 376-416.
    4. Shen, Binchao, 2025. "Intermediated trade and innovation," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    5. Nucci, Francesco & Pietrovito, Filomena & Pozzolo, Alberto Franco, 2023. "Intermediated trade and credit constraints: The case of firm’s imports," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 201-220.
    6. Jackie M.L. Chan, 2015. "Trade Intermediation, Financial Frictions, and the Gains from Trade," Discussion Papers 15-009, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
    7. Roth, Jonathan & Sant’Anna, Pedro H.C. & Bilinski, Alyssa & Poe, John, 2023. "What’s trending in difference-in-differences? A synthesis of the recent econometrics literature," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 2218-2244.
    8. Arne Henningsen & Guy Low & David Wuepper & Tobias Dalhaus & Hugo Storm & Dagim Belay & Stefan Hirsch, 2026. "Estimating Causal Effects With Observational Data: Guidelines for Agricultural and Applied Economists," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 77(2), pages 356-382, June.
    9. Michael Ryan & Ayumu Tanaka, 2025. "Multinational firms’ responses to a host country financial crisis: the case of Korea," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 161(3), pages 997-1033, August.
    10. Khalil, Umair & Sanfelice, Viviane, 2025. "Housing Improvement and Crime," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    11. Michelle Marcus & Pedro H. C. Sant’Anna, 2021. "The Role of Parallel Trends in Event Study Settings: An Application to Environmental Economics," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 8(2), pages 235-275.
    12. Sun, Meng, 2021. "The Internet and SME Participation in Exports," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    13. Antti Kauhanen, 2024. "The effects of the decentralization of collective bargaining on wages and wage dispersion: Evidence from the Finnish forest and IT industries," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, vol. 62(2), pages 319-334, June.
    14. Chen, Yi-Fan & Peng, Shin-Kun & Tsai, Tsung-Sheng, 2021. "The market structures in trade intermediation with heterogeneous manufacturing firms," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 501-523.
    15. Ozge Demirci & Jonas Hannane & Xinrong Zhu, 2024. "Who Is AI Replacing? The Impact of Generative AI on Online Freelancing Platforms," CESifo Working Paper Series 11276, CESifo.
    16. Banasaz, Mohammadmahdi & Bose, Niloy & Sedaghatkish, Nazanin, 2025. "Identification of loan effects on personal finance: A case for small U.S. entrepreneurs," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    17. Francesco Vidoli, 2026. "The Geography of Impact: Endogenous Spatial Clustering for Difference-in-Differences Estimation," Working Papers 2601, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Economics, Society & Politics - Scientific Committee - L. Stefanini & G. Travaglini, revised 2026.
    18. Nadja van 't Hoff & Giovanni Mellace & Seetha Menon, 2025. "Gender Differences in Healthcare Utilisation -- Evidence from Unexpected Adverse Health Shocks," Papers 2509.01310, arXiv.org.
    19. Hu, Shan & Zhang, Heqi & Wang, Yudong, 2025. "Does e-commerce development drive regional entrepreneurial activity? Spatial spillover effect and mechanism analysis," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    20. Kyunghoon Ban & D'esir'e K'edagni, 2022. "Robust Difference-in-differences Models," Papers 2211.06710, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:coecpo:v:43:y:2025:i:2:p:292-318. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/weaaaea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.