IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bjc/journl/v9y2022i2p84-94.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

‘Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality’ Nexus in Nigeria: Evidence from Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) Modeling Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Okowa, Ezaal, Vincent

    (University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.)

  • Moses Owede

    (University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.)

Abstract

High level of exclusion from the financial system could be a consequence of low level of financial development evident in such economy. Low financial access and access to financial services/products is a one of the contributory factors to the level of income generated by households and businesses and by extension the level of income inequality in such economy. To examine the “Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality†nexus in Nigeria, this paper specifies income inequality in Nigeria as a function of deposit money banks’ loans to SMEs, banks’ credit to the private sector, number of bank branches, and broad money supply-to-GDP ratio. The data used in this study are annual time series data from 1992 to 2018. Specifically, data on financial access (measured by having a number of commercial banks branches and broad money supply-to-GDP); and access to financial services and products (measured by deposit money banks’ loans to SMEs and deposit money banks’ credit to the private sector) were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Data on level of inequality (measured by the Gini index) was collected from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The unit root tests (i.e., ADF and PP) shows that the time series are non-stationary until after first differencing. To empirically analyze the impact of financial inclusion on inclusive growth, the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) econometric technique was employed. The results show that the coefficients of financial access variables are significantly different from zero. That is, the improvement in the financial access component of financial inclusion will prove to be more effective in reducing the income inequality gap in Nigeria. This may not be unrelated to the reality on ground as it affects the cost of credit and the stringent requirements often included as pre-condition for granting of loans and supply of credits by deposit money banks and other business financing institutions. This paper therefore recommends policy that increases awareness among citizens on the importance of owning and maintaining a bank account; and establishment of more branches in the rural areas to serve the high and growing rural population.

Suggested Citation

  • Okowa, Ezaal, Vincent & Moses Owede, 2022. "‘Financial Inclusion-Income Inequality’ Nexus in Nigeria: Evidence from Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) Modeling Approach," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 9(2), pages 84-94, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bjc:journl:v:9:y:2022:i:2:p:84-94
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/digital-library/volume-9-issue-2/84-94.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/virtual-library/papers/financial-inclusion-income-inequality-nexus-in-nigeria-evidence-from-dynamic-ordinary-least-square-dols-modeling-approach/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vanessa Simen Tchamyou, 2020. "Education, lifelong learning, inequality and financial access: evidence from African countries," Contemporary Social Science, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(1), pages 7-25, January.
    2. Peter C.B. Phillips, 1987. "Multiple Regression with Integrated Time Series," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 852, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    3. Demirgüç-Kunt, A. & Beck, T.H.L. & Honohan, P., 2008. "Finance for all? : Policies and pitfalls in expanding access," Other publications TiSEM aec73d3a-d6eb-457f-9182-3, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    4. Mais Sha'ban & Claudia Girardone & Anna Sarkisyan, 2020. "Cross-country variation in financial inclusion: a global perspective," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(4-5), pages 319-340, March.
    5. Nicholas Kaldor, 1955. "Alternative Theories of Distribution," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 23(2), pages 83-100.
    6. Kiminori Matsuyama, 2000. "Endogenous Inequality," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 67(4), pages 743-759.
    7. Britta Augsburg & Ralph De Haas & Heike Harmgart & Costas Meghir, 2015. "The Impacts of Microcredit: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 7(1), pages 183-203, January.
    8. Banerjee, Abhijit V & Newman, Andrew F, 1993. "Occupational Choice and the Process of Development," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 101(2), pages 274-298, April.
    9. Michael Enowbi Batuo & Simplice A. Asongu, 2015. "The impact of liberalisation policies on income inequality in African countries," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 42(1), pages 68-100, January.
    10. Cyn-Young Park & Rogelio Mercado, 2018. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, And Income Inequality," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 63(01), pages 185-206, March.
    11. Stock, James H & Watson, Mark W, 1993. "A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 783-820, July.
    12. Philippe Aghion & Patrick Bolton, 1997. "A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 64(2), pages 151-172.
    13. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March.
    14. Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira, 1993. "Income Distribution and Macroeconomics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 60(1), pages 35-52.
    15. Greenwood, Jeremy & Smith, Bruce D., 1997. "Financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 145-181, January.
    16. David Martínez Turégano & Alicia García Herrero, 2018. "Financial Inclusion, Rather Than Size, Is The Key To Tackling Income Inequality," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 63(01), pages 167-184, March.
    17. Francisco Buera, 2009. "A dynamic model of entrepreneurship with borrowing constraints: theory and evidence," Annals of Finance, Springer, vol. 5(3), pages 443-464, June.
    18. Jong-Hee Kim, 2016. "A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(2), pages 498-512, February.
    19. Greenwood, Jeremy & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1990. "Financial Development, Growth, and the Distribution of Income," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 1076-1107, October.
    20. Sydney Chikalipah, 2017. "What determines financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa?," African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 8(1), pages 8-18, March.
    21. Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 2004. "From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 71(4), pages 1001-1026.
    22. MacKinnon, James G, 1996. "Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(6), pages 601-618, Nov.-Dec..
    23. Manuela Angelucci & Dean Karlan & Jonathan Zinman, 2015. "Microcredit Impacts: Evidence from a Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment by Compartamos Banco," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 7(1), pages 151-182, January.
    24. Md Abdullah Omar & Kazuo Inaba, 2020. "Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 9(1), pages 1-25, December.
    25. Levine, Ross, 2005. "Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 12, pages 865-934, Elsevier.
    26. Peter J. Morgan & Victor Pontines, 2014. "Financial Stability and Financial Inclusion," Microeconomics Working Papers 24278, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    27. Robert M. Townsend & Kenichi Ueda, 2006. "Financial Deepening, Inequality, and Growth: A Model-Based Quantitative Evaluation -super-1," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 73(1), pages 251-293.
    28. Tough Chinoda & Tafirei Mashamba & Andrew Vivian, 2021. "Fintech, financial inclusion and income inequality nexus in Africa," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(1), pages 1986926-198, January.
    29. Armand Fouejieu & Ratna Sahay & Martin Cihak & Shiyuan Chen, 2020. "Financial inclusion and inequality: A cross-country analysis," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(8), pages 1018-1048, November.
    30. Ardic, Oya Pinar & Heimann, Maximilien & Mylenko, Nataliya, 2011. "Access to financial services and the financial inclusion agenda around the world : a cross-country analysis with a new data set," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5537, The World Bank.
    31. BKWAYEP, NGUEMNANG Yannick Rodrigue & TSAFACK, NANFOSSO Roger, 2020. "Remittances, Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality in Africa," MPRA Paper 99684, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 22 Apr 2020.
    32. Quanda Zhang & Alberto Posso, 2019. "Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Financial Inclusion and Household Income," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(7), pages 1616-1631, July.
    33. Choi, Chi-Young & Hu, Ling & Ogaki, Masao, 2008. "Robust estimation for structural spurious regressions and a Hausman-type cointegration test," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 327-351, January.
    34. Thorsten Beck & Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Ross Levine, 2007. "Finance, inequality and the poor," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 27-49, March.
    35. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March.
    36. Ross Levine, 2008. "Finance And The Poor," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 76(s1), pages 1-13, September.
    37. Swamy, Vighneswara, 2010. "Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth," MPRA Paper 47510, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    38. Claessens, Stijn & Perotti, Enrico, 2007. "Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 748-773, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. D’Onofrio, Alexandra & Minetti, Raoul & Murro, Pierluigi, 2019. "Banking development, socioeconomic structure and income inequality," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 428-451.
    2. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Lin, Shu-Chin, 2011. "Nonlinearity in the financial developmentâincome inequality nexus," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 310-325, September.
    3. Carolyn Chisadza & Mduduzi Biyase, 2023. "Financial Development and Income Inequality: Evidence From Advanced, Emerging and Developing Economies," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 18(01), pages 1-27, March.
    4. Biruk B. Ashenafi & Dong Yan, 2023. "Financial intermediation, inclusion, Fintech, and income inequality in Africa: Robust evidence from the supply and demand side data," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 52(2), July.
    5. Sheng Xu & Michael Asiedu & Nana Adwoa Anokye Effah, 2023. "Inclusive Finance, Gender Inequality, and Sustainable Economic Growth in Africa," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 14(4), pages 4866-4902, December.
    6. Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Ross Levine, 2009. "Finance and Inequality: Theory and Evidence," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 1(1), pages 287-318, November.
    7. Brei, Michael & Ferri, Giovanni & Gambacorta, Leonardo, 2023. "Financial structure and income inequality," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    8. Pierluigi Murro & Valentina Peruzzi, 2018. "Cooperative banks and income inequality: Evidence from Italian provinces," Working Papers CASMEF 1804, Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, LUISS Guido Carli.
    9. Raoul Minetti & Pierluigi Murro & Valentina Peruzzi, 2021. "Not All Banks Are Equal: Cooperative Banking And Income Inequality," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 59(1), pages 420-440, January.
    10. Minetti, Raoul & Murro, Pierluigi & Peruzzi, Valentina, 2019. "One size does not fit all. Cooperative banking and income inequality," Working Papers 2019-10, Michigan State University, Department of Economics.
    11. Compaoré, Ali, 2022. "Access-for-all to financial services: Non-resources tax revenue-harnessing opportunities in developing countries," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 236-245.
    12. Simplice Asongu & Rexon Nting, 2021. "The role of finance in inclusive human development in Africa revisited," Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(2), pages 345-370, February.
    13. Thorsten Beck & Asli Demirguc‐Kunt & Luc Laeven & Ross Levine, 2008. "Finance, Firm Size, and Growth," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(7), pages 1379-1405, October.
    14. Manoel Bittencourt & Shinhye Chang & Rangan Gupta & Stephen M. Miller, 2018. "Does Financial Development Affect Income Inequality in the U.S. States? A Panel Data Analysis," Working Papers 201803, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
    15. Ayyagari, Meghana & Beck, Thorsten & Hoseini, Mohammad, 2020. "Finance, law and poverty: Evidence from India," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    16. Simontinti Das & Amrita Chatterjee, 2021. "Role of ICT Dissemination and Digital Finance in Poverty Eradication and Income Inequality Reduction: A Sub-national Level Study from India," Working Papers 2021-210, Madras School of Economics,Chennai,India.
    17. Thereza Balliester Reis, 2022. "Socio‐economic determinants of financial inclusion: An evaluation with a microdata multidimensional index," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(3), pages 587-611, April.
    18. Nabi, Mahmoud Sami, 2015. "Equity-financing, income inequality and capital accumulation," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 322-333.
    19. Baiardi, Donatella & Morana, Claudio, 2018. "Financial development and income distribution inequality in the euro area," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 40-55.
    20. Thornton, John & Tommaso, Caterina Di, 2020. "The long-run relationship between finance and income inequality: Evidence from panel data," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 32(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bjc:journl:v:9:y:2022:i:2:p:84-94. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Dr. Renu Malsaria (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.