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Monopoly without a Monopolist: An Economic Analysis of the Bitcoin Payment System

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Bertucci, Louis, 2024. "Bitcoin Ordinals: Determinants and impact on total transaction fees," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
  2. Joshua S. Gans & Hanna Halaburda, 2023. ""Zero Cost'' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains," NBER Working Papers 31473, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  3. Chu, Gang & Dowling, Michael & Li, Xiao, 2026. "Impermanent loss in cryptocurrency," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
  4. Yulin Liu & Yuxuan Lu & Kartik Nayak & Fan Zhang & Luyao Zhang & Yinhong Zhao, 2022. "Empirical Analysis of EIP-1559: Transaction Fees, Waiting Time, and Consensus Security," Papers 2201.05574, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2023.
  5. Nick Arnosti & S. Matthew Weinberg, 2022. "Bitcoin: A Natural Oligopoly," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(7), pages 4755-4771, July.
  6. Igor Makarov & Antoinette Schoar, 2021. "Blockchain Analysis of the Bitcoin Market," NBER Working Papers 29396, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  7. Hokkanen, Topi, 2023. "Externalities and market failures of cryptocurrencies," BoF Economics Review 4/2023, Bank of Finland.
  8. Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2023. "Female unemployment, mobile money innovations and doing business by females," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-26, December.
  9. Capponi, Agostino & Jia, Ruizhe & Wang, Kanye Ye, 2025. "Maximal extractable value and allocative inefficiencies in public blockchains," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  10. Aixing Li & Ke Gong & Jiashun Li & Li Zhang & Xueting Luo, 2025. "Is Monopolization Inevitable in Proof-of-Work Blockchains? Insights from Miner Scale Analysis," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 66(3), pages 1825-1850, September.
  11. Lin William Cong & Ke Tang & Yanxin Wang & Xi Zhao, 2023. "Inclusion and Democratization Through Web3 and DeFi? Initial Evidence from the Ethereum Ecosystem," NBER Working Papers 30949, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  12. Simplice A. Asongu & Peter Agyemang-Mintah & Joseph Nnanna & Yolande E. Ngoungou, 2024. "Mobile money innovations, income inequality and gender inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, December.
  13. Tianyi Li & Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang, 2024. "Development Trajectory of Blockchain Platforms: The Role of Multirole," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 35(3), pages 1296-1323, September.
  14. Cole, Benjamin M. & Dyhrberg, Anne H. & Foley, Sean & Svec, Jiri, 2022. "Can Bitcoin be Trusted? Quantifying the economic value of blockchain transactions," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  15. Shunya Noda & Kyohei Okumura & Yoshinori Hashimoto, 2026. "An Economic Analysis of Difficulty Adjustment Algorithms in Proof‐of‐Work Blockchain Systems," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 67(1), pages 259-285, February.
  16. Haim Shalit, 2024. "The Nonsense of Bitcoin 1n Portfolio Analysis," Working Papers 2401, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Economics.
  17. Jens Gudmundsson & Jens Leth Hougaard & Erik Ansink, 2024. "Towards fully decentralized environmental regulation," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 24-035/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
  18. Assamoi, Vincent K. & Ekponon, Adelphe & Guo, Zihan, 2025. "Are cryptocurrencies priced in the cross-section? A portfolio approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  19. Marco Lambrecht & Andis Sofianos & Yilong Xu, 2025. "Does Mining Fuel Bubbles? An Experimental Study on Cryptocurrency Markets," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 71(3), pages 1865-1888, March.
  20. Jacob D. Leshno & Elaine Shi & Rafael Pass, 2024. "On the Viability of Open-Source Financial Rails: Economic Security of Permissionless Consensus," Papers 2409.08951, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2025.
  21. Guo, Weiwei & Intini, Silvia & Jahanshahloo, Hossein, 2025. "Bitcoin arbitrage and exchange default risk," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  22. Elisa Luciano, 2024. "Optimal Fees and Equilibrium in Crypto Markets," Carlo Alberto Notebooks 722 JEL Classification: D, Collegio Carlo Alberto.
  23. Ferreira, Daniel & Li, Jin & Nikolowa, Radoslawa, 2023. "Corporate capture of blockchain governance," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115618, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  24. Castillo León, Jaime & Lehar, Alfred, 2026. "What data have told us about decentralized finance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
  25. Auer, Raphael & Monnet, Cyril & Shin, Hyun Song, 2025. "Distributed ledgers and the governance of money," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  26. Lingxiu Dong & Yunzhe Qiu & Fasheng Xu, 2023. "Blockchain-Enabled Deep-Tier Supply Chain Finance," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 25(6), pages 2021-2037, November.
  27. Dunbar, Kwamie & Owusu-Amoako, Johnson, 2022. "Cryptocurrency returns under empirical asset pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  28. Rui Ma & Ben R Marshall & Nhut H Nguyen & Nuttawat Visaltanachoti, 2022. "Does bitcoin liquidity resemble the liquidity of other financial assets?," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 47(4), pages 729-748, November.
  29. Chen, Muying & Zhang, Xinyu & Wei, Yunjie & Wang, Shouyang, 2025. "What determines Bitcoin's price over the past decade?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
  30. Asongu, Simplice A. & Ngoungou, Yolande E. & Nnanna, Joseph, 2023. "Mobile money innovations and health performance in sub-Saharan Africa," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  31. Jain, Archana & Jain, Chinmay & Krystyniak, Karolina, 2023. "Blockchain transaction fee and Ethereum Merge," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PC).
  32. Haim Shalit, 2025. "The Nonsense of Bitcoin in Portfolio Analysis," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-14, February.
  33. Li, Zhicheng & Li, Jialong & Zhou, Ke, 2023. "Bitcoin transaction fees and the decentralization of Bitcoin mining pools," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PB).
  34. Rodney J. Garratt & Maarten R. C. van Oordt, 2023. "Why Fixed Costs Matter for Proof-of-Work–Based Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6482-6507, November.
  35. Joseph Abadi & Markus Brunnermeier, 2018. "Blockchain Economics," NBER Working Papers 25407, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  36. Asongu, Simplice A. & le Roux, Sara, 2023. "The role of mobile money innovations in transforming unemployed women to self-employed women in sub-Saharan Africa," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  37. Shao, Enchuan & Rajapaksa, Danusha, 2024. "Miner competition and transaction fees," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  38. Jiahao He & Guangyuan Zhang & Jiheng Zhang & Rachel Q. Zhang, 2023. "Blockchain Operations in the Presence of Security Concerns," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 25(3), pages 1117-1135, May.
  39. Kim, Daehan & Ryu, Doojin & Webb, Robert I., 2023. "Determination of equilibrium transaction fees in the Bitcoin network: A rank-order contest," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
  40. Muhammad Nazam & Muhammad Hashim & Florian Marcel Nută & Liming Yao & Muhammad Azam Zia & Muhammad Yousaf Malik & Muhammad Usman & Levente Dimen, 2022. "Devising a Mechanism for Analyzing the Barriers of Blockchain Adoption in the Textile Supply Chain: A Sustainable Business Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-31, December.
  41. Crépellière, Tommy & Pelster, Matthias & Zeisberger, Stefan, 2023. "Arbitrage in the market for cryptocurrencies," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
  42. Akaki Mamageishvili & Edward W. Felten, 2022. "Efficient Rollup Batch Posting Strategy on Base Layer," Papers 2212.10337, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
  43. Itay Goldstein & Deeksha Gupta & Ruslan Sverchkov, 2024. "Utility Tokens as a Commitment to Competition," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 79(6), pages 4197-4246, December.
  44. Paolo Guasoni & Gur Huberman & Clara Shikhelman, 2024. "Lightning Network Economics: Channels," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(6), pages 3827-3840, June.
  45. Daehan Kim & Doojin Ryu & Robert I. Webb, 2024. "Does a higher hashrate strengthen Bitcoin network security?," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-15, December.
  46. Zamora-Pérez, Alejandro, 2026. "Who owns crypto in the euro area? Drivers of crypto adoption, payment use, and its interaction with fiat cash," Working Paper Series 3215, European Central Bank.
  47. Jermann, Urban & Xiang, Haotian, 2025. "Tokenomics: Optimal monetary and fee policies," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  48. Hinzen, Franz J. & John, Kose & Saleh, Fahad, 2022. "Bitcoin’s limited adoption problem," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(2), pages 347-369.
  49. Charles M. Kahn & Maarten R.C. van Oordt, 2022. "The Demand for Programmable Payments," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 22-076/IV, Tinbergen Institute.
  50. Raphael Auer & Cyril Monnet & Hyun Song Shin, 2021. "Permissioned Distributed Ledgers and the Governance of Money," Diskussionsschriften dp2101, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
  51. Divakaruni, Anantha & Zimmerman, Peter, 2023. "The Lightning Network: Turning Bitcoin into money," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
  52. Joseph Abadi & Markus K. Brunnermeier, 2025. "Token-Based Platform Governance," Working Papers 25-17, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
  53. Stefan Behringer & Florian Follert, 2022. "Controlling von Kryptowährungen," Springer Books, in: Jessica Hastenteufel & Susanne Weber & Thomas Röhm (ed.), Digitale Transformation im Controlling, chapter 0, pages 183-195, Springer.
  54. Simona-Vasilica Oprea & Irina Alexandra Georgescu & Adela Bâra, 2024. "Is Bitcoin ready to be a widespread payment method? Using price volatility and setting strategies for merchants," Electronic Commerce Research, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 1267-1305, June.
  55. Manuel Mueller-Frank & Minghao Pan & Omer Tamuz, 2026. "Inertial Mining: Equilibrium Implementation of the Bitcoin Protocol," Papers 2604.06092, arXiv.org.
  56. Igor Makarov & Antoinette Schoar, 2022. "Cryptocurrencies and Decentralised Finance," BIS Working Papers 1061, Bank for International Settlements.
  57. Kyoung-Kuk Kim & Donghwa Seo, 2026. "Mind the Gap in the Mining Game," Papers 2606.03153, arXiv.org.
  58. Brzustowski, Thomas & Georgiadis Harris, Alkis & Szentes, Balázs, 2023. "Smart contracts and the Coase conjecture," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 117950, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  59. Bruno Biais & Christophe Bisière & Matthieu Bouvard & Catherine Casamatta & Albert J. Menkveld, 2023. "Equilibrium Bitcoin Pricing," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(2), pages 967-1014, April.
  60. Benedetti, Hugo & Rodríguez-Garnica, Gabriel, 2025. "Does what happens on-chain stays on-chain? The dynamics of blockchain token transactions and prices," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
  61. Lin William Cong & Xiang Hui & Catherine Tucker & Luofeng Zhou, 2023. "Scaling Smart Contracts via Layer-2 Technologies: Some Empirical Evidence," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(12), pages 7306-7316, December.
  62. Sun, Yi & Jiang, Shiqing & Jia, Wanjiao & Wang, Yu, 2022. "Blockchain as a cutting-edge technology impacting business: A systematic literature review perspective," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(10).
  63. Garud Iyengar & Fahad Saleh & Jay Sethuraman & Wenjun Wang, 2023. "Economics of Permissioned Blockchain Adoption," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(6), pages 3415-3436, June.
  64. Wang, Ziwei & Yang, Haijun & Li, Zhen, 2025. "Will technological advancement affect Bitcoin trading and pricing? Evidence from BRC-20 tokens," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
  65. John, Kose & Monnot, Barnabé & Mueller, Peter & Saleh, Fahad & Schwarz-Schilling, Caspar, 2025. "Economics of Ethereum," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  66. Barros, Fernando & Bertolai, Jefferson & Carrijo, Matheus, 2023. "Cryptocurrency is accounting coordination: Selfish mining and double spending in a simple mining game," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 25-50.
  67. Luciano Somoza & Antoine Didisheim, 2022. "The End of the Crypto-Diversification Myth," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series 22-53, Swiss Finance Institute.
  68. Martin Angerer & Marius Gramlich & Michael Hanke, 2025. "Order Book Liquidity on Crypto Exchanges," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-29, February.
  69. Donghwa Seo & Kyoung-Kuk Kim, 2026. "Strategic Users in a Priority Queue with Bulk Service on Blockchains," Papers 2606.01274, arXiv.org.
  70. Malik, Nikhil & Wei, Yanhao Max & Appel, Gil & Luo, Lan, 2023. "Blockchain technology for creative industries: Current state and research opportunities," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 40(1), pages 38-48.
  71. Reuter, Marco, 2022. "The value of decentralization using the blockchain," ZEW Discussion Papers 22-056, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  72. Michael Sockin & Wei Xiong, 2023. "A Model of Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6684-6707, November.
  73. Nikolaus Hautsch & Christoph Scheu & Stefan Voigt, 2024. "Building trust takes time: limits to arbitrage for blockchain-based assets," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 28(4), pages 1345-1381.
  74. Alon Benhaim & Brett Hemenway Falk & Gerry Tsoukalas, 2021. "Scaling Blockchains: Can Committee-Based Consensus Help?," Papers 2110.08673, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2022.
  75. Makarov, Igor & Schoar, Antoinette, 2021. "Blockchain analysis of the Bitcoin market," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 118897, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  76. Joshua S. Gans & Hanna Halaburda, 2024. "“Zero Cost” Majority Attacks on Permissionless Proof of Work Blockchains," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(6), pages 4155-4165, June.
  77. Michael Sockin & Wei Xiong, 2023. "Decentralization through Tokenization," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(1), pages 247-299, February.
  78. Kawaguchi, Kohei & Noda, Shunya, 2022. "Miners' Reward Elasticity and Stability of Competing Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrencies," SocArXiv u58ns, Center for Open Science.
  79. Garud Iyengar & Fahad Saleh & Jay Sethuraman & Wenjun Wang, 2024. "Blockchain Adoption in a Supply Chain with Manufacturer Market Power," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(9), pages 6158-6178, September.
  80. Juan Jesús Rico-Peña & Raquel Arguedas-Sanz & Carmen López-Martín, 2025. "Transactions Market in Bitcoin: Empirical Analysis of the Demand and Supply Block Space Curves," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 66(4), pages 3327-3357, October.
  81. Civelli, Andrea & Jackson, Laura E., 2025. "Cryptocurrencies, stocks, and economic policy uncertainty: A FAVAR analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  82. Agostino Capponi & Ruizhe Jia & Ye Wang, 2022. "The Evolution of Blockchain: from Lit to Dark," Papers 2202.05779, arXiv.org.
  83. Soumya Basu & David Easley & Maureen O’Hara & Emin Gün Sirer, 2023. "StableFees: A Predictable Fee Market for Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6508-6524, November.
  84. Baumgartner, Tim & Güttler, André, 2022. "Bitcoin flash crash on May 19, 2021: What did really happen on Binance?," IWH Discussion Papers 25/2022, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
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