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Assessing the relative informativeness and permanence of pro forma earnings and GAAP operating earnings

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  1. Hangsoo Kyung & Jeff Ng & Yong George Yang, 2021. "Does the use of non‐GAAP earnings in compensation contracts lead to excessive CEO compensation? Efficient contracting versus managerial power," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(5-6), pages 841-868, May.
  2. Theodore E. Christensen & Hang Pei & Spencer R. Pierce & Liang Tan, 2019. "Non-GAAP reporting following debt covenant violations," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 629-664, June.
  3. Yu-An Chen & Ann F. Medinets & Dan Palmon, 2022. "Disclosure regulations work: The case of regulation G," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 1037-1062, April.
  4. Bond, David & Czernkowski, Robert & Lee, Yong-Suk & Loyeung, Anna, 2017. "Market reaction to non-GAAP earnings around SEC regulation," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 193-208.
  5. Bradley Blaylock & Bradley P. Lawson & Michael A. Mayberry, 2020. "Taxable income, future profitability, and stock returns," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(7-8), pages 858-881, July.
  6. Theodore E. Christensen & Enrique Gomez & Matthew Ma & Jing Pan, 2021. "Analysts’ role in shaping non-GAAP reporting: evidence from a natural experiment," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(1), pages 172-217, March.
  7. Scott D. Dyreng & Rahul Vashishtha & Joseph Weber, 2017. "Direct Evidence on the Informational Properties of Earnings in Loan Contracts," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 371-406, May.
  8. Shiah-Hou, Shin-Rong, 2021. "The relation between non-GAAP earnings and accounting restatements: Evidence after regulation G," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
  9. Florian Meier, 2020. "The Age of Cheap Money and Passive Investing: Are Pro Forma Earnings Value Relevant?," Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 9(2), pages 1-1.
  10. Visani, Franco & Di Lascio, F. Marta L. & Gardini, Silvia, 2020. "The impact of institutional and cultural factors on the use of non-GAAP financial measures. International evidence from the oil and gas industry," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
  11. Aubert, François & Grudnitski, Gary, 2014. "The role of reconciliation quality in limiting mispricing of non-GAAP earnings announcements by EURO STOXX firms," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 154-167.
  12. Brett Govendir & Peter Wells, 2014. "The influence of the accruals generating process on earnings persistence," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 39(4), pages 593-614, November.
  13. Wang, Qian & Ettredge, Michael, 2015. "Discretionary allocation of corporate income to segments," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 1-13.
  14. Zhilan Feng & Stephen M. Miller & Dogan Tirtiroglu, 2020. "The Bennet Decomposition and Predictability of the U.S. REITs’ Profitability," Working papers 2020-11, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics.
  15. Hsu, Charles & Wang, Rencheng & Whipple, Benjamin C., 2022. "Non-GAAP earnings and stock price crash risk," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(2).
  16. Hong, Philip Keejae & Lee, Sam & Mynatt, Patricia & Ramakrishnan, Ram, 2019. "The value relevance of timely information: The case of comparable store sales growth," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 10-21.
  17. Mei Luo & Shuai Shao & Frank Zhang, 2018. "Does financial reporting above or below operating income matter to firms and investors? The case of investment income in China," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 1754-1790, December.
  18. Marques, Ana, 2010. "Disclosure strategies among S&P 500 firms: Evidence on the disclosure of non-GAAP financial measures and financial statements in earnings press releases," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 119-131.
  19. Shiah-Hou, Shin-Rong & Teng, Yi-Yun, 2016. "The informativeness of non-GAAP earnings after Regulation G?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 184-192.
  20. Paul Hribar & Richard Mergenthaler & Aaron Roeschley & Spencer Young & Chris X. Zhao, 2022. "Do Managers Issue More Voluntary Disclosure When GAAP Limits Their Reporting Discretion in Financial Statements?," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(1), pages 299-351, March.
  21. Zalata, Alaa Mansour & Roberts, Clare, 2017. "Managing earnings using classification shifting: UK evidence," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 52-65.
  22. Eng, Li Li & Vichitsarawong, Thanyaluk, 2022. "Comparing the usefulness of two profit subtotals: Operating income and earnings before interest and taxes," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
  23. Nicola Gennaioli & Yueran Ma & Andrei Shleifer, 2016. "Expectations and Investment," NBER Macroeconomics Annual, University of Chicago Press, vol. 30(1), pages 379-431.
  24. Essam Elshafie & Ai-Ru Yen & Minna Yu, 2010. "The association between pro forma earnings and earnings management," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 9(2), pages 139-155, May.
  25. Elizabeth Demers & Clara Vega, 2008. "Soft information in earnings announcements: news or noise?," International Finance Discussion Papers 951, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  26. Mark A. Clatworthy & Tuan Ho & Jude Mengzhu Zhu, 2022. "Disagreement about the past: An empirical assessment of bank analysts' GAAP and non‐GAAP earnings measures," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(3-4), pages 588-624, March.
  27. Gu, Zhaoyang & Chen, Ting, 2004. "Analysts' treatment of nonrecurring items in street earnings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 129-170, December.
  28. Elmar R. Venter & David Emanuel & Steven F. Cahan, 2014. "The Value Relevance of Mandatory Non-GAAP Earnings," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 50(1), pages 1-24, March.
  29. Campbell, Linda & López, Dennis M., 2010. "Small cap financial reporting: Determinants of emphasis and placement of non-GAAP disclosures," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 114-120.
  30. Zhang, Huai & Zheng, Liu, 2011. "The valuation impact of reconciling pro forma earnings to GAAP earnings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1-2), pages 186-202, February.
  31. Vasiliki Athanasakou & Norman Strong & Martin Walker, 2009. "Earnings management or forecast guidance to meet analyst expectations?," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(1), pages 3-35.
  32. Steven Young, 2008. "Discussion of Do Acquirers Manage Earnings Prior to a Share for Share Bid," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(5‐6), pages 671-678, June.
  33. Lin, Shu & Xia, Hui Harry & Ryabova, Tatyana, 2020. "The effect of analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts on managers’ classification shifting," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(3).
  34. Jeong-Bon Kim & Roland Lipka & Heibatollah Sami, 2012. "Portfolio performance and accounting measures of earnings: an alternative look at usefulness," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 87-107, January.
  35. Peter Easton, 2006. "Use of Forecasts of Earnings to Estimate and Compare Cost of Capital Across Regimes," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3‐4), pages 374-394, April.
  36. Koning, M. & Mertens, G.M.H. & Roosenboom, P.G.J., 2007. "The Impact of Media Attention on the Use of Alternative Earnings Measures," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2007-073-F&A, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
  37. Karola Bastini & Rainer Kasperzak, 2013. "Erkenntnisfortschritt in der Rechnungslegung durch experimentelle Forschung? — Diskussion methodischer Grundsatzfragen anhand der Entscheidungsnützlichkeit des Performance Reporting," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 65(7), pages 622-660, December.
  38. Cheng, Peter & Li, Jack L. & Tong, Wilson H.S., 2008. "What Triggers Top Management Turnovers in China?," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 50-87.
  39. Frédéric Pourtier, 2005. "Les informations comparatives publiées par les groupes de sociétés lors de changements des périmètres de consolidation," Post-Print halshs-00581279, HAL.
  40. Dirk E. Black & Theodore E. Christensen, 2009. "US Managers' Use of 'Pro Forma' Adjustments to Meet Strategic Earnings Targets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3-4), pages 297-326.
  41. Yi Luo & Steven E. Salterio, 2022. "The Effect of Gender on Investors’ Judgments and Decision-Making," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 179(1), pages 237-258, August.
  42. Yuta Shibasaki & Chikara Toyokura, 2020. "The Disclosure of Non-GAAP Performance Measures and the Adoption of IFRS: Evidence from Japanese Firms' Experience," Monetary and Economic Studies, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan, vol. 38, pages 19-54, November.
  43. Bok Baik & David B. Farber & Kathy Petroni, 2009. "Analysts' Incentives and Street Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1), pages 45-69, March.
  44. Kyung, Hangsoo & Lee, Hakyin & Marquardt, Carol, 2019. "The effect of voluntary clawback adoption on non-GAAP reporting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 175-201.
  45. Charitou, Andreas & Floropoulos, Nikolaos & Karamanou, Irene & Loizides, George, 2018. "Non-GAAP Earnings Disclosures on the Face of the Income Statement by UK Firms: The Effect on Market Liquidity," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 183-202.
  46. Jason V. Chen & Kurt H. Gee & Jed J. Neilson, 2021. "Disclosure Prominence and the Quality of Non‐GAAP Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(1), pages 163-213, March.
  47. Steven Young, 2014. "The drivers, consequences and policy implications of non-GAAP earnings reporting," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(4), pages 444-465, August.
  48. Dirk E. Black & Ervin L. Black & Theodore E. Christensen & Kurt H. Gee, 2022. "Comparing Non-GAAP EPS in Earnings Announcements and Proxy Statements," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(2), pages 1353-1377, February.
  49. Adwan, Sami & Alhaj-Ismail, Alaa & Girardone, Claudia, 2020. "Fair value accounting and value relevance of equity book value and net income for European financial firms during the crisis," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
  50. Ahmed M. Elnahas & Pankaj K. Jain & Thomas H. McInish, 2022. "Mixed‐signal stock splits," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(5-6), pages 934-962, May.
  51. Wolfgang Ballwieser, 2019. "Überlegungen zu Theorie und Praxis der Finanzberichterstattung: Herausforderungen, Erkenntnisse und Lücken [Reflections on Theory and Practice of Financial Reporting: Challenges, Scientific Finding," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 71(2), pages 169-211, July.
  52. Jarva, Henry & Kallunki, Juha-Pekka & Livne, Gilad, 2019. "Earnings performance measures and CEO turnover: Street versus GAAP earnings," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 249-266.
  53. Allee, Kristian D. & Bhattacharya, Nilabhra & Black, Ervin L. & Christensen, Theodore E., 2007. "Pro forma disclosure and investor sophistication: External validation of experimental evidence using archival data," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 201-222, April.
  54. Jeffrey Miller, 2009. "Opportunistic Disclosures of Earnings Forecasts and Non-GAAP Earnings Measures," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 89(1), pages 3-10, May.
  55. Jeremiah W. Bentley & Theodore E. Christensen & Kurt H. Gee & Benjamin C. Whipple, 2018. "Disentangling Managers’ and Analysts’ Non‐GAAP Reporting," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(4), pages 1039-1081, September.
  56. Y. Sekou Bermiss & Edward J. Zajac & Brayden G King, 2014. "Under Construction: How Commensuration and Management Fashion Affect Corporate Reputation Rankings," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 25(2), pages 591-608, April.
  57. Higgins, Huong, 2013. "Can securities analysts forecast intangible firms’ earnings?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 155-174.
  58. Bradshaw, Mark T. & Christensen, Theodore E. & Gee, Kurt H. & Whipple, Benjamin C., 2018. "Analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts and their implications for accounting research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 46-66.
  59. Asher Curtis & Valerie Li & Paige H. Patrick, 2021. "The use of adjusted earnings in performance evaluation," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 1290-1322, December.
  60. M. Shibley Sadique & M. Arifur Rahman, 2013. "Investor reaction to strategic emphasis on earnings numbers: An empirical study," Contemporary Economics, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw., vol. 7(3), September.
  61. Greg Clinch & Ann Tarca & Marvin Wee, 2023. "Cross‐country diversity and non‐IFRS financial performance measures," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(2), pages 2473-2502, June.
  62. Chen, Xia & Jiang, Xuejun & Lu, Louise Yi & Yu, Yangxin, 2021. "Local political corruption and Firm's non-GAAP reporting," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
  63. Li, Ken, 2022. "Textual fundamentals in earnings press releases," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
  64. Lambert, Richard A., 2004. "Discussion of analysts' treatment of non-recurring items in street earnings and loss function assumptions in rational expectations tests on financial analysts' earnings forecasts," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 205-222, December.
  65. repec:thr:techub:10025:y:2021:i:1:p:242-259 is not listed on IDEAS
  66. Campbell, Linda & Pitman, Marshall K., 2009. "Post-regulation G findings," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 100-106.
  67. Edith Leung & David Veenman, 2018. "Non‐GAAP Earnings Disclosure in Loss Firms," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(4), pages 1083-1137, September.
  68. Mohammed M. Yassin & Dea’a Al-Deen Al-Sraheen & Khaldoon Ahmad Al Daoud & Mohammad Alhadab & Farouq Altahtamouni, 2024. "Variable Considerations in ASC 606, Earnings Management and Business Continuity during Crisis," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, January.
  69. Julie Sek & Stephen Taylor, 2011. "Profit or Prophet? A Case Study of the Reporting of Non-GAAP Earnings by Australian Banks," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 21(4), pages 327-339, December.
  70. Paul A. Griffin & David H. Lont, 2021. "Evidence of an increasing trend in earnings surprises over the past two decades: The role of positive manager‐initiated non‐GAAP adjustments," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(9-10), pages 1525-1559, October.
  71. S. P. Kothari & Charles Wasley, 2019. "Commemorating the 50‐Year Anniversary of Ball and Brown (1968): The Evolution of Capital Market Research over the Past 50 Years," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(5), pages 1117-1159, December.
  72. Forte, Gianfranco & Gianfrate, Gianfranco & Rossi, Emanuele, 2020. "Does relative valuation work for banks?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
  73. Chen, Han-Chung & Lee, Yen-Jung & Lo, Sheng-Yi & Yu, Yong, 2021. "Qualitative characteristics of non-GAAP disclosures and non-GAAP earnings quality," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1).
  74. Black, D.E. & Christensen, T.E., 2018. "Policy implications of research on non-GAAP reporting," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 1-7.
  75. Alina Beattrice Vladu & Barcelona Spain, 2013. "Smoothing Behavior Of Firms In Times Of Crisis: Empirical Evidence From The Spanish Economic Environment," Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, Faculty of Sciences, "1 Decembrie 1918" University, Alba Iulia, vol. 2(15), pages 1-13.
  76. Edward J. Riedl & Suraj Srinivasan, 2007. "Signaling Firm Performance Through Financial Statement Presentation: An Analysis Using Special Items," Harvard Business School Working Papers 09-031, Harvard Business School.
  77. Yuta Shibasaki & Chikara Toyokura, 2019. "The Disclosure of Non-GAAP Performance Measures and the Adoption of IFRS: Evidence from Japanese Firms' Experience," IMES Discussion Paper Series 19-E-20, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan.
  78. Hirshleifer, David & Teoh, Siew Hong, 2003. "Limited attention, information disclosure, and financial reporting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1-3), pages 337-386, December.
  79. Gary Entwistle & Glenn Feltham & Chima Mbagwu, 2006. "Misleading Disclosure of Pro Forma Earnings: An Empirical Examination," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 69(4), pages 355-372, December.
  80. Gilberto Loureiro & Alvaro G. Taboada, 2013. "Do Improvements in the Information Environment Affect Real Investment Decisions?," NIPE Working Papers 20/2013, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.
  81. Paraskevi Vicky Kiosse, 2009. ""Discussion of" US Managers' Use of 'Pro Forma' Adjustments to Meet Strategic Earnings Targets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3-4), pages 327-335.
  82. Claudia Arena & Simona Catuogno & Nicola Moscariello, 2021. "The unusual debate on non-GAAP reporting in the current standard practice. The lens of corporate governance," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(3), pages 655-684, September.
  83. Grégoire Davrinche & Guillaume Dumas & Isabelle Martinez, 2017. "Résultats non-GAAP et opportunisme des dirigeants," Post-Print hal-03948521, HAL.
  84. Jeffery S. Abarbanell & Reuven Lehavy, 2007. "Letting the “Tail Wag the Dog†: The Debate over GAAP versus Street Earnings Revisited," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(3), pages 675-723, September.
  85. Andersson, Patric & Hellman, Niclas, 2004. "The impact of pro forma profits on analyst forecasts: Some experimental evidence," SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Business Administration 2004:5, Stockholm School of Economics.
  86. Zhilan Feng & Zhilu Lin & Wentao Wu, 2022. "CEO Influence on Funds from Operations (FFO) Adjustment for Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 65(3), pages 524-547, October.
  87. Yen-Jung Lee, 2017. "Market reactions to unexpected relative earnings performance," Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(3-4), pages 339-357, October.
  88. François Aubert & Gary Grudnitski, 2012. "Analysts' estimates," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 11(1), pages 53-72, February.
  89. Bansal, Naresh & Seetharaman, Ananth & Wang, Xu (Frank), 2013. "Managerial risk-taking incentives and non-GAAP earnings disclosures," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 100-121.
  90. Nicholas J. Hallman & Jaime J. Schmidt & Anne M. Thompson, 2022. "Audit Implications of Non‐GAAP Reporting," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(5), pages 1947-1989, December.
  91. Guannan Wang, 2014. "The Presentation Arrangements of Pro Forma Earnings Disclosures: Managerial Incentives and Market Responses," Accounting and Finance Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 3(3), pages 1-27, August.
  92. Zulfikar Ikhsan Pane & Roy Sembel & Yvonne Agustine, 2021. "Street earnings as a mediator of the effect of intellectual capital disclosure, customer value, and research development activities on firm value," Technium Social Sciences Journal, Technium Science, vol. 25(1), pages 242-259, November.
  93. Paraskevi Vicky Kiosse, 2009. "Discussion of US Managers’ Use of ‘Pro Forma’ Adjustments to Meet Strategic Earnings Targets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3‐4), pages 327-335, April.
  94. Felix Thielemann & Tami Dinh & Helen Kang, 2019. "Non-GAAP Reporting and Debt Market Outcomes: Evidence from Regulation G," Schmalenbach Business Review, Springer;Schmalenbach-Gesellschaft, vol. 71(2), pages 169-203, May.
  95. Ting Zhang & So Yean Kwack & Yi Si & Gaoliang Tian, 2023. "Non‐GAAP earnings reporting following going‐concern opinions," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(3), pages 3217-3252, September.
  96. Baruch Lev, 2018. "The deteriorating usefulness of financial report information and how to reverse it," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(5), pages 465-493, July.
  97. Susan M. Albring & María T. Cabán‐García & Jacqueline L. Reck, 2010. "The value relevance of a non‐GAAP performance metric to the capital markets," Review of Accounting and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 9(3), pages 264-284, August.
  98. Elizabeth A. Rainsbury, 2017. "The Impact of the FMA Guidelines on Non†GAAP Earnings Disclosures," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 27(4), pages 480-493, December.
  99. Laurion, Henry & Sloan, Richard, 2022. "When does forecasting GAAP earnings entail unreasonable effort?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(1).
  100. Art Durnev & Claudine Mangen, 2009. "Corporate Investments: Learning from Restatements," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(3), pages 679-720, June.
  101. Sascha B. Herr & Peter Lorson & Jochen Pilhofer, 2022. "Alternative Performance Measures: A Structured Literature Review of Research in Academic and Professional Journals," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 74(3), pages 389-451, September.
  102. Beyer, Anne & Cohen, Daniel A. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Walther, Beverly R., 2010. "The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 296-343, December.
  103. Dechow, Patricia & Ge, Weili & Schrand, Catherine, 2010. "Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 344-401, December.
  104. Demmer, Matthias, 2015. "Improving profitability forecasts with information on earnings quality," Discussion Papers 2015/16, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
  105. Zhang, Huai & Zheng, Liu, 2011. "The valuation impact of reconciling pro forma earnings to GAAP earnings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 186-202.
  106. Zachary Kaplan & Xiumin Martin & Yifang Xie, 2021. "Truncating Optimism," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(5), pages 1827-1884, December.
  107. Amber Johnson & Majella Percy & Peta Stevenson-Clarke & Robyn Cameron, 2014. "The Impact of the Disclosure of Non-GAAP Earnings in Australian Annual Reports on Non-Sophisticated Users," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 24(3), pages 207-217, September.
  108. Jerry W. Chen & Jing Zhou, 2021. "Valuing Initial Public Offerings Using Article 11 Pro Forma Financial Information in the Prospectus," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 707-739, March.
  109. Mariela Carvajal & David H. Lont & Tom Scott, 2022. "Non‐GAAP Earnings Disclosure Trends in New Zealand," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 32(1), pages 19-35, March.
  110. Bradshaw, Mark T., 2003. "A discussion of 'Assessing the relative informativeness and permanence of pro forma earnings and GAAP operating earnings'," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1-3), pages 321-335, December.
  111. Michael Gibbins & Bradley Pomeroy, 2007. "Reflections on Continuous Reporting and Auditing/Réflexions Sur L'Information Continue Et La VÉrification En Continu," Accounting Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(3), pages 291-304, August.
  112. Silvia Gardini & F. Marta L. Di Lascio & Franco Visani, 2017. "Opportunism in disclosing pro-forma indicators: rationale and contextual drivers," BEMPS - Bozen Economics & Management Paper Series BEMPS42, Faculty of Economics and Management at the Free University of Bozen.
  113. Nerissa C. Brown & Theodore E. Christensen & W. Brooke Elliott & Richard D. Mergenthaler, 2012. "Investor Sentiment and Pro Forma Earnings Disclosures," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 50(1), pages 1-40, March.
  114. Miriam Koning & Gerard Mertens & Peter Roosenboom, 2010. "The Impact of Media Attention on the Use of Alternative Earnings Measures," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 46(3), pages 258-288, September.
  115. Gu, Zhaoyang & Xue, Jian, 2008. "The superiority and disciplining role of independent analysts," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(2-3), pages 289-316, August.
  116. Mark Brosnan & Keith Duncan & Tim Hasso & Janice Hollindale, 2023. "Non‐GAAP earnings and executive compensation: An experiment," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4375-4398, December.
  117. Qianyun Huang & Terrance R. Skantz, 2016. "The informativeness of pro forma and street earnings: an examination of information asymmetry around earnings announcements," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 198-250, March.
  118. Nilabhra Bhattacharya & Theodore E. Christensen & Qunfeng Liao & Bo Ouyang, 2022. "Can short sellers constrain aggressive non-GAAP reporting?," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 391-440, June.
  119. Cao Hoang Anh Le & Yaowen Shan & Stephen Taylor, 2020. "Executive Compensation and Financial Performance Measures: Evidence from Significant Financial Institutions," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 30(3), pages 159-177, September.
  120. Novia (Xi) Chen & Peng-Chia Chiu & Terry Shevlin & Jiani Wang, 2023. "Taxes in Non-GAAP Reporting: Evidence of Strategic Behavior in Selecting Tax Rates Applied to Exclusions," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(5), pages 3100-3120, May.
  121. Dirk E. Black & Theodore E. Christensen, 2009. "US Managers' Use of ‘Pro Forma’ Adjustments to Meet Strategic Earnings Targets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3‐4), pages 297-326, April.
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