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Foreign Ownership, Exporting and Gender Wage Gaps: Evidence from Japanese Linked Employer-Employee Data

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  • Greaney, Theresa
  • Tanaka, Ayumu

Abstract

We explore potential relationships between international economic activities and gender wage gaps (GWGs) using linked employer-employee data for Japan. We find evidence that exporting and multinational activities are associated with reduced GWGs. Domestic-owned firms that neither export nor invest abroad (i.e., domestic-only firms) report the largest GWG, followed by Japanese-owned multinational enterprises (JMNE), then by locally-owned exporters that do not invest abroad and finally by foreign-owned multinational enterprises (FMNE). We separate FMNE by mode of entry and confirm that FMNE established by greenfield investment deviate more than FMNE established by merger and acquisition from domestic-only firms in terms of wages. Greenfield-born FMNE are associated with the smallest GWG and largest gender-neutral wage premium among the firm types. The estimated GWG among Greenfield-born FMNE is almost 12 percentage-points lower than the 26.8 percent prevailing at domestic-only firms.

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  • Greaney, Theresa & Tanaka, Ayumu, 2020. "Foreign Ownership, Exporting and Gender Wage Gaps: Evidence from Japanese Linked Employer-Employee Data," MPRA Paper 101339, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:101339
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    Cited by:

    1. Jaerim Choi & Theresa M. Greaney, 2022. "Global Influences On Gender Inequality: Evidence From Female Employment In Korea," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 63(1), pages 291-328, February.
    2. Victor Stolzenburg & Marianne Matthee & Caro Janse van Rensburg & Carli Bezuidenhout, . "Foreign direct investment and gender inequality: evidence from South Africa," UNCTAD Transnational Corporations Journal, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
    3. SASAHARA Akira & MORI Hiroaki, 2021. "The Effects of Trade on the Gender Gaps: A Model-based Quantitative Investigation," Discussion papers 21076, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    4. Ayumu Tanaka, 2022. "Higher wages in exporters and multinational firms evidence from linked employer–employee data," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 51-78, February.
    5. Zhou, Chensong & Zhang, Xiangzhi & Xiong, Lingyun & Chen, Chuanyong, 2023. "Merger and acquisition performance commitments and shareholding reductions," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    6. Kimitaka Nishitani & Akira Kawaguchi, 2022. "Mitigating Gender Inequality in the Workplace: Toward Sustainable Development Through Institutional Changes," Discussion Paper Series DP2022-07, Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University, revised May 2022.

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    Keywords

    gender wage gap; wage premium; exporters; multinational enterprises;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F16 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

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