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Decomposing Supply and Demand Driven Inflation

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Abstract

The extent to which either supply or demand factors drive inflation has important implications for economic policy. I propose a framework to decompose inflation into supply- and demand-driven components. I generate two new data series, the supply and demand-driven contributions to personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation, which quantify the degree to which either demand or supply is driving inflation in a current month. The series show expected time-series patterns. The demand-driven contribution tends to decline during recessions, while the supply-driven contribution tends to follow food and energy prices. Monetary policy tightening acts to reduce the demand-driven contribution of inflation. Oil-supply shocks act to increase the supply driven contribution, but decrease the demand-driven contribution of inflation. The decompositions can be used to test theory or by policymakers and practitioners to track inflation drivers in real time.

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  • Adam Hale Shapiro, 2022. "Decomposing Supply and Demand Driven Inflation," Working Paper Series 2022-18, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedfwp:94836
    DOI: 10.24148/wp2022-18
    Note: Original publication date: 2022/10/01.
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    4. Crump, Richard K. & Eusepi, Stefano & Giannoni, Marc & Şahin, Ayşegül, 2024. "The unemployment–inflation trade-off revisited: The Phillips curve in COVID times," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(S).
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    6. Colunga-Ramos, Luis Fernando & Cepeda, Leonardo E. Torre, 2024. "Regional supply, demand and labor shocks on the manufacturing sector during COVID-19 in Mexico," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 5(2).
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    8. Ascari, Guido & Bonam, Dennis & Smadu, Andra, 2024. "Global supply chain pressures, inflation, and implications for monetary policy," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    9. Chang, Jui-Chuan Della & Jansen, Dennis W. & Pagliacci, Carolina, 2023. "Inflation and real GDP growth in the U.S.—Demand or supply driven?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    10. Colunga L. Fernando & Torre Cepeda Leonardo, 2023. "Effects of Supply, Demand, and Labor Market Shocks in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector," Working Papers 2023-10, Banco de México.
    11. Wildauer, Rafael & Kohler, Karsten & Aboobaker, Adam & Guschanski, Alexander, 2023. "Energy price shocks, conflict inflation, and income distribution in a three-sector model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).

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