IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ecb/ecbops/2026391.html

Monetary policy transmission and non-bank financial intermediation

Author

Listed:
  • Anyfantaki, Sofia
  • Cucic, Dominic
  • Fricke, Daniel
  • Hartmann, Philipp
  • Kaufmann, Christoph
  • Lukmanova, Elizaveta
  • Maddaloni, Angela
  • Barahona, Ricardo

Abstract

The growing importance of non‑bank financial intermediaries (NBFIs) also has important implications for the transmission of monetary policy in the euro area. It alters the composition of credit supply and strengthens the role of market‑based finance for the corporate sector. In the aggregate, NBFIs tend to amplify the transmission of monetary policy within the financial sector. In particular, intermediaries with uninsured short‑term funding amplify monetary transmission to credit. This becomes particularly pronounced during episodes of financial stress, when liquidity pressures and valuation losses can trigger asset sales and spillovers to banks. By contrast, institutions that benefit from stable long-term funding, such as insurers, pension funds and certain specialised finance companies, may attenuate the transmission of monetary policy to credit, although only to a limited extent. The implications for monetary policy transmission arising from NBFIs also extend beyond lending, notab JEL Classification: G2, G23, G28

Suggested Citation

  • Anyfantaki, Sofia & Cucic, Dominic & Fricke, Daniel & Hartmann, Philipp & Kaufmann, Christoph & Lukmanova, Elizaveta & Maddaloni, Angela & Barahona, Ricardo, 2026. "Monetary policy transmission and non-bank financial intermediation," Occasional Paper Series 391, European Central Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2026391
    Note: 229414
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu//pub/pdf/scpops/ecb.op391.en.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Grasso, Adriana & Poinelli, Andrea, 2025. "Flexible asset purchases and repo market functioning," Working Paper Series 3013, European Central Bank.
    2. Han, Song & Nikolaou, Kleopatra & Tase, Manjola, 2022. "Trading relationships in secured markets: Evidence from triparty repos," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    3. Goldstein, Itay & Jiang, Hao & Ng, David T., 2017. "Investor flows and fragility in corporate bond funds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(3), pages 592-613.
    4. Pelizzon, Loriana & Subrahmanyam, Marti G. & Tomio, Davide, 2025. "Central Bank–Driven Mispricing," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    5. Bernanke, Ben S & Blinder, Alan S, 1992. "The Federal Funds Rate and the Channels of Monetary Transmission," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(4), pages 901-921, September.
    6. Sergey Chernenko & Adi Sunderam, 2016. "Liquidity Transformation in Asset Management: Evidence from the Cash Holdings of Mutual Funds," NBER Working Papers 22391, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Adam Copeland & Darrell Duffie & Yilin (David) Yang, 2025. "Reserves Were Not So Ample After All," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 140(1), pages 239-281.
    8. Corradin, Stefano & Maddaloni, Angela, 2020. "The importance of being special: Repo markets during the crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(2), pages 392-429.
    9. Greppmair, Stefan & Paludkiewicz, Karol & Steffen, Sascha, 2025. "Collateral easing and safe asset scarcity: How money markets benefit from low-quality collateral," Discussion Papers 20/2025, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    10. Jeremy C. Stein & Anil K. Kashyap, 2000. "What Do a Million Observations on Banks Say about the Transmission of Monetary Policy?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(3), pages 407-428, June.
    11. Goncharenko, Roman & Lukmanova, Elizaveta, 2026. "When the Spare Tyre Goes Flat: Monetary Policy Transmission through Non-Banks," Research Technical Papers 02/RT/26, Central Bank of Ireland.
    12. Mr. Divya Kirti & Akshat V. Singh, 2025. "The Insurer Channel of Monetary Policy," IMF Working Papers 2025/054, International Monetary Fund.
    13. Martin Hodula & Simona Malovana, 2025. "When Foreign Rates Matter More: Domestic Investor Responses in a Small Open Economy," Working Papers 2025/11, Czech National Bank, Research and Statistics Department.
    14. Timmer, Yannick, 2018. "Cyclical investment behavior across financial institutions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(2), pages 268-286.
    15. Tischer, Johannes, 2021. "Quantitative easing, safe asset scarcity and bank lending," Discussion Papers 35/2021, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    16. Stefanos Delikouras & Athanasios Kontinopoulos & Dimitris Malliaropulos & Petros Migiakis, 2025. "Bond portfolio rebalancing during dash-for-cash events: evidence from the COVID-19 outbreak," Working Papers 351, Bank of Greece.
    17. Morris, Stephen & Shim, Ilhyock & Shin, Hyun Song, 2017. "Redemption risk and cash hoarding by asset managers," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 71-87.
    18. repec:ecb:ecbdps:202528 is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Bruno Albuquerque & Mr. Eugenio M Cerutti & Nanyu Chen & Melih Firat, 2025. "From Banks to Nonbanks: Macroprudential and Monetary Policy Effects on Corporate Lending," IMF Working Papers 2025/096, International Monetary Fund.
    20. Ralph S.J. Koijen & Motohiro Yogo, 2022. "The Fragility of Market Risk Insurance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 77(2), pages 815-862, April.
    21. Kuong, John Chi-Fong & O’Donovan, James & Zhang, Jinyuan, 2024. "Monetary policy and fragility in corporate bond mutual funds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    22. Dietrich Domanski & Hyun Song Shin & Vladyslav Sushko, 2017. "The Hunt for Duration: Not Waving but Drowning?," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 65(1), pages 113-153, April.
    23. Chernenko, Sergey & Sunderam, Adi, 2016. "Liquidity Transformation in Asset Management: Evidence form the Cash Holdings of Mutual Funds," Working Paper Series 2016-05, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
    24. Martina Jasova & Luc Laeven & Caterina Mendicino & José-Luis Peydró & Dominik Supera, 2024. "Systemic Risk and Monetary Policy: The Haircut Gap Channel of the Lender of Last Resort," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 37(7), pages 2191-2243.
    25. Chernenko, Sergey & Sunderam, Adi, 2016. "Liquidity transformation in asset management: Evidence from the cash holdings of mutual funds," ESRB Working Paper Series 23, European Systemic Risk Board.
    26. Josef Bajzik & Jan Janku & Simona Malovana & Klara Moravcova & Ngoc Anh Ngo, 2023. "Monetary Policy Has a Long-Lasting Impact on Credit: Evidence from 91 VAR Studies," Working Papers 2023/19, Czech National Bank, Research and Statistics Department.
    27. Holm-Hadulla, Fédéric & Mazelis, Falk & Rast, Sebastian, 2023. "Bank and non-bank balance sheet responses to monetary policy shocks," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    28. Altavilla, Carlo & Gürkaynak, Refet S. & Laeven, Luc & Kind, Thilo, 2025. "Monetary transmission with frequent policy events," Working Paper Series 3157, European Central Bank.
    29. Bricongne, Jean-Charles & Marolleau, Louis, 2025. "The impact of monetary surprises on exchange rates: Results from textual and high-frequency analysis," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    30. Martijn Boermans & Tomás Carrera de Souza & Robert Vermeulen, 2025. "Quantitative easing and preferred habitat investors in the euro area bond market," Working Papers 826, DNB.
    31. Arrata, William & Nguyen, Benoît & Rahmouni-Rousseau, Imène & Vari, Miklos, 2020. "The scarcity effect of QE on repo rates: Evidence from the euro area," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(3), pages 837-856.
    32. Hodula, Martin & Mimun, Anisa Tiza, 2025. "Investment funds and the monetary-macroprudential policy interplay," Working Paper Series 3151, European Central Bank.
    33. Sirio Aramonte & Andreas Schrimpf & Hyun Song Shin, 2023. "Non-bank financial intermediaries and financial stability," Chapters, in: Refet S. Gürkaynak & Jonathan H. Wright (ed.), Research Handbook of Financial Markets, chapter 7, pages 147-170, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    34. Benjamin J. Keys & Philip Mulder, 2024. "Property Insurance and Disaster Risk: New Evidence from Mortgage Escrow Data," NBER Working Papers 32579, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    35. Borio, Claudio & Zhu, Haibin, 2012. "Capital regulation, risk-taking and monetary policy: A missing link in the transmission mechanism?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 236-251.
    36. Damast, Dominik & Kubitza, Christian & Sørensen, Jakob Ahm, 2025. "Homeowners insurance and the transmission of monetary policy," ICIR Working Paper Series 55/25, Goethe University Frankfurt, International Center for Insurance Regulation (ICIR).
    37. Fukker, Gábor & Sydow, Matthias & Mimun, Anisa Tiza, 2025. "The effects of monetary policy on banks and non-banks in times of stress," Working Paper Series 3114, European Central Bank.
    38. Jing Cynthia Wu & Fan Dora Xia, 2016. "Measuring the Macroeconomic Impact of Monetary Policy at the Zero Lower Bound," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 48(2-3), pages 253-291, March.
    39. Altavilla, Carlo & Rostagno, Massimo & Schumacher, Julian, 2025. "When banks hold back: credit and liquidity provision," Working Paper Series 3009, European Central Bank.
    40. Ralph S. J. Koijen & Motohiro Yogo, 2015. "The Cost of Financial Frictions for Life Insurers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 105(1), pages 445-475, January.
    41. Holm-Hadulla, Fédéric & Thürwächter, Claire, 2021. "Heterogeneity in corporate debt structures and the transmission of monetary policy," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    42. Yiming Ma & Kairong Xiao & Yao Zeng, 2022. "Mutual Fund Liquidity Transformation and Reverse Flight to Liquidity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 35(10), pages 4674-4711.
    43. Anil K. Kashyap & Jeremy C. Stein, 1994. "Monetary Policy and Bank Lending," NBER Chapters, in: Monetary Policy, pages 221-261, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    44. Ryan Niladri Banerjee & Boris Hofmann & Ding Xuan Ng & Gabor Pinter, 2025. "The rise of non-bank financial institutions: implications for monetary policy," BIS Bulletins 116, Bank for International Settlements.
    45. Itamar Drechsler & Alexi Savov & Philipp Schnabl, 2017. "The Deposits Channel of Monetary Policy," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 132(4), pages 1819-1876.
    46. Kuong, John Chi-Fong & O'Donovan, James & zhang, jinyuan, 2024. "Monetary Policy and Fragility in Corporate Bond Mutual Funds," CEPR Discussion Papers 19361, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
    47. Hau, Harald & Lai, Sandy, 2016. "Asset allocation and monetary policy: Evidence from the eurozone," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(2), pages 309-329.
    48. Fecht, Falko & Kellers, Moritz, 2026. "Monetary policy, fragility, and fund flows," Discussion Papers 09/2026, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    49. Emi Nakamura & Jón Steinsson, 2018. "Identification in Macroeconomics," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 32(3), pages 59-86, Summer.
    50. Gorton, Gary & Metrick, Andrew, 2012. "Securitized banking and the run on repo," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(3), pages 425-451.
    51. Kairong Xiao & Francesca Cornelli, 2020. "Monetary Transmission through Shadow Banks," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(6), pages 2379-2420.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Giuzio, Margherita & Kapadia, Sujit & Kaufmann, Christoph & Storz, Manuela & Weistroffer, Christian, 2025. "Macroprudential policy, monetary policy and non-bank financial intermediation," Working Paper Series 3130, European Central Bank.
    2. Dekker, Lennart, 2024. "Essays on asset liquidity and investment funds," Other publications TiSEM 5fc9bf77-84e7-4a36-9e3a-1, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    3. Giuzio, Margherita & Kaufmann, Christoph & Ryan, Ellen & Cappiello, Lorenzo, 2021. "Investment funds, risk-taking, and monetary policy in the euro area," Working Paper Series 2605, European Central Bank.
    4. Molestina Vivar, Luis & Wedow, Michael & Weistroffer, Christian, 2023. "Burned by leverage? Flows and fragility in bond mutual funds," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 354-380.
    5. Molestina Vivar, Luis, 2025. "Mitigating fragility in open-ended investment funds: the role of redemption restrictions," ESRB Working Paper Series 150, European Systemic Risk Board.
    6. Dekker, Lennart & Molestina Vivar, Luis & Wedow, Michael & Weistroffer, Christian, 2024. "Liquidity buffers and open-end investment funds: Containing outflows or reducing fire sales?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    7. Damast, Dominik & Kubitza, Christian & Sørensen, Jakob Ahm, 2025. "Homeowners insurance and the transmission of monetary policy," ICIR Working Paper Series 55/25, Goethe University Frankfurt, International Center for Insurance Regulation (ICIR).
    8. Chen, Yuting & Dunne, Peter, 2024. "First-mover advantage in funds revisited," Research Technical Papers 6/RT/24, Central Bank of Ireland.
    9. Holm-Hadulla, Fédéric & Leombroni, Matteo, 2025. "Heterogeneous intermediaries in the transmission of central bank corporate bond purchases," Working Paper Series 3101, European Central Bank.
    10. Mathias S. Kruttli & Phillip J. Monin & Lubomir Petrasek & Sumudu W. Watugala, 2021. "Hedge Fund Treasury Trading and Funding Fragility: Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021-038, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    11. Dekker, Lennart & Molestina Vivar, Luis & Wedow, Michael & Weistroffer, Christian, 2023. "Liquidity buffers and open-end investment funds: containing outflows and reducing fire sales," Working Paper Series 2825, European Central Bank.
    12. Breckenfelder, Johannes & Hoerova, Marie, 2023. "Do non-banks need access to the lender of last resort? Evidence from fund runs," CEPR Discussion Papers 18122, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
    13. Molestina Vivar, Luis, 2025. "Mitigating fragility in open-ended investment funds: the role of redemption restrictions," Working Paper Series 3025, European Central Bank.
    14. Christoph Kaufmann, 2023. "Investment Funds, Monetary Policy, and the Global Financial Cycle," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 21(2), pages 593-636.
    15. Dunhong Jin & Marcin Kacperczyk & Bige Kahraman & Felix Suntheim, 2022. "Swing Pricing and Fragility in Open-End Mutual Funds," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 35(1), pages 1-50.
    16. Li, Boyao, 2024. "A balance sheet analysis of monetary policy effects on banks," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    17. Fecht, Falko & Kellers, Moritz, 2026. "Monetary policy, fragility, and fund flows," Discussion Papers 09/2026, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    18. Huang, Jing-Zhi & Li, Peipei & Wang, Ying & Wang, Yuan & Yao, Xiangkun & Zhang, Licheng, 2025. "Do investors reach for yield? Evidence from corporate bond mutual fund flows," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    19. Valentin Haddad & Alan Moreira & Tyler Muir, 2021. "When Selling Becomes Viral: Disruptions in Debt Markets in the COVID-19 Crisis and the Fed’s Response [Funding value adjustments]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(11), pages 5309-5351.
    20. Bandoni, Emil & De Nora, Giorgia & Giuzio, Margherita & Ryan, Ellen & Storz, Manuela, 2025. "Institutional investors and house prices," Working Paper Series 3026, European Central Bank.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G2 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2026391. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Official Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/emieude.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.