Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes
Top JEL
/ F: International Economics
/ / F3: International Finance
/ / / F35: Foreign Aid
2020
- John Cruzatti C. & Axel Dreher & Johannes Matzat, 2020, "Chinese Aid and Health at the Country and Local Level," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8352.
- Eugen Dimant & Tim Krieger & Daniel Meierrieks, 2020, "Paying Them to Hate US: The Effect of U.S. Military Aid on Anti-American Terrorism, 1968-2014," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8411.
- Ann-Sofie Isaksson & Andreas Kotsadam, 2020, "Chinese Aid to Africa: Distinguishing Features and Local Effects," CESifo Forum, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 21, issue 02, pages 27-31, July.
- Charles Kenny & George Yang, 2020, "Measuring the Development Impact of the IFC and Development Finance," Working Papers, Center for Global Development, number 562, Dec.
- Johannesen, Niels & Rijkers, Bob, 2020, "Elite Capture of Foreign Aid: Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14481, Mar.
- Dreher, Axel & Bluhm, Richard & Fuchs, Andreas & Parks, Bradley & Strange, Austin & Tierney, Michael, 2020, "Connective Financing - Chinese Infrastructure Projects and the Diffusion of Economic Activity in Developing Countries," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14818, May.
- Dreher, Axel & Cruzatti C., John & Matzat, Johannes, 2020, "Chinese Aid and Health at the Country and Local Level," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14862, Jun.
- Trebesch, Christoph & Reinhart, Carmen & Horn, Sebastian, 2020, "Coping with Disasters: Two Centuries of International Official Lending," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14902, Jun.
- Isaksson, Ann-Sofie, 2020, "Chinese Aid and Local Ethnic Identification," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, volume 74, issue 4, pages 833-852, October.
- Marc Raffinot & Marin Ferry & Gregory Donnat, 2020, "The rise in international bond issuance by low-income African countries: a shift of pattern or a fashion that already fades away?," Working Papers, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation), number DT/2020/03, Apr.
- Marc Raffinot, 2020, "Économie politique des budgets par objectifs en Afrique : entre faveurs et service public," Working Papers, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation), number DT/2020/14, Dec.
- Joachim Nagel, 2020, "Rolle von Entwicklungsbanken in der internationalen Finanzierung," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 89, issue 3, pages 35-50, DOI: 10.3790/vjh.89.3.35.
- Boureima Sawadogo & T gawend Juliette Nana & Maimouna Hama Natama & Fid le Bama & Emma Tapsoba & Kassoum Zerbo, 2020, "Impact of Economic and Trade Expansion of China on Employment and Household Welfare in Burkina Faso: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, volume 10, issue 6, pages 139-153.
- Guillon, Marlène & Mathonnat, Jacky, 2020, "What can we learn on Chinese aid allocation motivations from available data? A sectorial analysis of Chinese aid to African countries," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 60, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2019.01.004.
- Xu, Zhicheng Phil & Zhang, Yu, 2020, "Can Chinese aid win the hearts and minds of Africa’s local population?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 90, issue C, pages 322-330, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2019.12.017.
- Dong, Yan & Fan, Cijun, 2020, "The role of China's aid and ODI in the economic growth of African countries," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, volume 44, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ememar.2020.100713.
- Dorband, Ira Irina & Jakob, Michael & Steckel, Jan Christoph, 2020, "Unraveling the political economy of coal: Insights from Vietnam," Energy Policy, Elsevier, volume 147, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111860.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2020, "Internet and tax reform in developing countries," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, volume 51, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2020.100850.
- Couharde, Cécile & Karanfil, Fatih & Kilama, Eric Gabin & Omgba, Luc Désiré, 2020, "The role of oil in the allocation of foreign aid: The case of the G7 donors," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, volume 48, issue 2, pages 363-383, DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2019.10.001.
- Rommel, Tobias & Schaudt, Paul, 2020, "First impressions: How leader changes affect bilateral aid," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 185, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104107.
- Shahzad, Umer & Sarwar, Suleman & Farooq, Muhammad Umar & Qin, Fengming, 2020, "USAID, official development assistance and counter terrorism efforts: Pre and post 9/11 analysis for South Asia," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, volume 69, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2019.06.001.
- Dhahri, Sabrine & Omri, Anis, 2020, "Foreign capital towards SDGs 1 & 2—Ending Poverty and hunger: The role of agricultural production," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, volume 53, issue C, pages 208-221, DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2020.02.004.
- Mary, Sébastien & Mishra, Ashok K., 2020, "Humanitarian food aid and civil conflict," World Development, Elsevier, volume 126, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104713.
- Martorano, Bruno & Metzger, Laura & Sanfilippo, Marco, 2020, "Chinese development assistance and household welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa," World Development, Elsevier, volume 129, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104909.
- Mary, Sebastien & Shaw, Kelsey & Colen, Liesbeth & Gomez y Paloma, Sergio, 2020, "Does agricultural aid reduce child stunting?," World Development, Elsevier, volume 130, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104951.
- Eichenauer, Vera Z. & Fuchs, Andreas & Kunze, Sven & Strobl, Eric, 2020, "Distortions in aid allocation of United Nations flash appeals: Evidence from the 2015 Nepal earthquake," World Development, Elsevier, volume 136, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105023.
- Asiedu, Edward & Sadekla, Sylvester S. & Bokpin, Godfred A., 2020, "Aid to Africa’s agriculture towards building physical capital: Empirical evidence and implications for post-COVID-19 food insecurity," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, volume 20, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100269.
- Edmore Mahembe & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2020, "Development aid and its impact on poverty reduction in developing countries," International Journal of Development Issues, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 19, issue 2, pages 145-168, April, DOI: 10.1108/IJDI-08-2019-0144.
- Nixon Shingai Chekenya & Canicio Dzingirai, 2020, "Distributional effects of distinct aid types on local economic development in Malawi: new evidence," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 48, issue 7, pages 1299-1322, November, DOI: 10.1108/JES-09-2020-0461.
- Ben Duke, 2020, "Minding the Store: Structured Finance and Risk Governance of ‘Third Sector’ Organisations," International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, volume 10, issue 4, pages 50-67.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Hillary C. Ezeaku, 2020, "Aid Grants vs. Technical Cooperation Grants: Implications for Inclusive Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1984-2018," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 20/091, Jan.
- Michael Kopel & Marco A. Marini, 2020, "Mandatory Disclosure of Managerial Contracts in Nonprofit Organizations," Working Papers, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, number 2020.26, Dec.
- Cécile Couharde & Fatih Karanfil & Eric Gabin Kilama & Luc-Désiré Omgba, 2020, "The role of oil in the allocation of foreign aid: The case of the G7 donors," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-02307821.
- Emilie Caldeira & Anne-Marie Geourjon & Grégoire Rota-Graziosi, 2020, "Taxing aid: The end of a paradox?," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-02470825, Feb.
- Isaksson, Ann-Sofie, 2020, "Chinese Aid and Local Ethnic Identification," Working Paper Series, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, number 1336, May.
- Ali Raza & Muhammad Azam & Muhammad Tariq, 2020, "The Impact of Greenfield-FDI on Socio-Economic Development of Pakistan," HSE Economic Journal, National Research University Higher School of Economics, volume 24, issue 3, pages 415-433.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2020, "Foreign aid volatility and lifelong learning," International Journal of Education Economics and Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, volume 11, issue 4, pages 370-406.
- Doucouliagos, Chris & Hinz, Thomas & Zigova, Katarina, 2020, "Bias and Careers: Evidence from the Aid Effectiveness Literature," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13287, May.
- Galdo, Virgilio & Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys & Rama, Martin, 2020, "Conflict and the Composition of Economic Activity in Afghanistan," IZA Policy Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 153, Mar.
- Fredrick Ikpesu, 2020, "Aid, Inflation, And Exchange Rate In Sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical Insights from Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM) Approach," Journal of Developing Areas, Tennessee State University, College of Business, volume 54, issue 2, pages 61-74, April-Jul.
- Sang-Chul Yoon (a) and Jai S. Mah (b), 2020, "Aid Inflows and Economic Growth: Grants and Loans in the Case of Kenya," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, volume 45, issue 4, pages 37-47, December, DOI: 10.35866/caujed.2020.45.4.002.
- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2020, "Aid for Trade and sectoral employment diversification in recipient-countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, volume 53, issue 2, pages 265-295, May, DOI: 10.1007/s10644-018-9238-5.
- Émilie Caldeira & Anne-Marie Geourjon & Grégoire Rota-Graziosi, 2020, "Taxing aid: the end of a paradox?," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, volume 27, issue 1, pages 240-255, February, DOI: 10.1007/s10797-019-09573-6.
- Vera Eichenauer, 2020, "December Fever in Public Finance," KOF Working papers, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich, number 20-470, Jan, DOI: 10.3929/ethz-b-000393827.
- Joergen Juel Andersen & Niels Johannesen & Bob Rijkers, 2020, "Elite Capture of Foreign Aid: Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts," CEBI working paper series, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics. The Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality (CEBI), number 20-07, Mar.
- Miraj ul Haq & Nuzhat Shamim & Muhammad Luqman, 2020, "Foreign Aid, Political Institutions and Economic Freedom: Empirical Evidence from Selected Developing Countries," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, volume 25, issue 1, pages 153-178, Jan-June.
- Sebastian Horn & Carmen M. Reinhart & Christoph Trebesch, 2020, "Coping with Disasters: Two Centuries of International Official Lending," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 27343, Jun.
- Irene Basile & Valentina Bellesi & Vijai Singh, 2020, "Blended Finance Funds and Facilities - 2018 Survey Results Part II: Development Performance," OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 67, Jan, DOI: 10.1787/7c194ce5-en.
- Olivier Cattaneo & Cécilia Piemonté & Konstantin Poensgen, 2020, "Transition finance country study of Chile: Better managing graduation from ODA eligibility," OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 70, Feb, DOI: 10.1787/608cbf6d-en.
- Priscilla Boiardi, 2020, "Managing and measuring the impact of sustainable investments: A two-axes mapping," OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 74, Jun, DOI: 10.1787/2ff2b2f4-en.
- Aussama Bejraoui & Valérie Gaveau & Marisa Berbegal-Ibanez & Guillaume Delalande & Julia Benn, 2020, "Lessons learnt from the 2019 Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) data survey," OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 84, Oct, DOI: 10.1787/0cd3da6b-en.
- Guillaume Delalande & Aussama Bejraoui & Melissa Li & Julia Benn, 2020, "Indonesia’s perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD)," OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 87, Dec, DOI: 10.1787/b53a1e0c-en.
- Oecd, 2020, "Putting finance to work for gender equality and women's empowerment: The way forward," OECD Development Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, number 25, Jan, DOI: 10.1787/f0fa4d91-en.
- Oecd, 2020, "Transition finance ABC methodology: A user’s guide to transition finance diagnostics," OECD Development Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, number 26, Feb, DOI: 10.1787/c5210d6c-en.
- Simon Lange, 2020, "Key trends in development co-operation for national data and statistical systems," OECD Development Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, number 31, Aug, DOI: 10.1787/1ce044d2-en.
- Jason Gagnon & Mathilde Rodrigues, 2020, "Towards more sustainable solutions to forced displacement: What measures are donor countries applying to forced displacement in developing countries?," OECD Development Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, number 34, Dec, DOI: 10.1787/d1d44405-en.
- Jean Rene Kalala & Andrei Hanchar & Miroslawa Witkowska-Dabrowska, 2020, "Foreign Trade Of The Democratic Republic Of The Congo And The Share Of Agricultural Products For Export," OLSZTYN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Economic Sciences, volume 15, issue 2, pages 113-127, August, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.5835.
- Aderopo Raphael Adediyan & Venus Nmakanmma Obadoni, 2020, "On External Aid Effectiveness And School Enrolment: A Study On Sub-Saharan Africa," OLSZTYN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Economic Sciences, volume 15, issue 4, pages 301-311, December, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.6853.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "Togo – 2019 : Domestic politics, foreign affairs, socio-economic development," AfricArxiv, Center for Open Science, number 2z5cn, Feb, DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/2z5cn.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "On the impact of the occult on state legitimacy and democratization aid in Africa," AfricArxiv, Center for Open Science, number 3xs8r, Apr, DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/3xs8r.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "L'impact du Brexit sur l'Afrique en période de crise Corona : le cas de l'Afrique du Sud, du Nigeria, du Ghana et du Kenya," AfricArxiv, Center for Open Science, number qtmc3, Aug, DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/qtmc3.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "L’emprise de l'occulte sur la légitimité de l'état et l'aide à la démocratisation en Afrique," OSF Preprints, Center for Open Science, number e9buq, Jan, DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/e9buq.
- Muntasir Murshed & Seemran Rashid, 2020, "An Empirical Investigation of Real Exchange Rate Responses to Foreign Currency Inflows: Revisiting the Dutch Disease Phenomenon in South Asia," The Economics and Finance Letters, Conscientia Beam, volume 7, issue 1, pages 23-46.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 101202, Jun.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 101240, Jun, revised 19 Jun 2020.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 101351, Jun, revised 25 Jun 2020.
- Bayale, Nimonka, 2020, "Foreign Aid and Fiscal Resources Mobilization in WAEMU Countries: Ambiguous Effects and New Questions," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 101742, Jul.
- Adam, Antonis & Tsarsitalidou, Sofia, 2020, "The effect of international development assistance (IDA) on conflict. A fuzzy regression discontinuity approach," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 101841, Jun.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "BTI 2021 -Togo Country Report [author's version]," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 103792, Oct.
- Adusei, Elizabeth, 2020, "The impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Sub-Sahara Africa: The mediating role of Institutions," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 104561, May.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "BTI -2022 Togo Country Report : political and socio-economic development, 2019-2020 [enhanced author's version]," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 105007, Dec.
- Karimi, Abdul Matin, 2020, "Moving Away from Foreign Aid: A Case Study of Afghanistan," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 105524, Dec, revised 23 Jan 2021.
- Asongu, Simplice & Ezeaku, Hillary, 2020, "Aid Grants vs. Technical Cooperation Grants: Implications for Inclusive Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1984-2018," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 107528, Jan.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 107700, Jun, revised 19 Jun 2020.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 107745, Jun, revised 14 May 2021.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "L’emprise de l'occulte sur la légitimité de l'état et l'aide à la démocratisation en Afrique
[The impact of the occult on state legitimacy and aid for democratization in Africa]," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 111532, Sep, revised 14 Jan 2022. - Adelowokan, Oluwaseyi & Adesoye, Adesola & Akpa, Emeka & Maku, Olukayode, 2020, "Remittances, Foreign Aid and Private Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A System GMM Estimation," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 98362, Dec.
- Murshed, Muntasir & Rashid, Seemran, 2020, "An Empirical Investigation of Real Exchange Rate Responses to Foreign Currency Inflows: Revisiting the Dutch Disease phenomenon in South Asia," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 98756.
- Vinokurov, Evgeny, 2020, "Interaction of Eurasian and International Financial Institutions," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 98971.
- Kodila-Tedika, Oasis & Khalifa, Sherif, 2020, "The Effect of Leader’s Visits on Foreign Aid," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 99368, Mar.
- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2020, "Aid for Trade Flows and Wage Inequality in the Manufacturing Sector of Recipient-Countries," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, volume 35, issue 4, pages 643-683.
- Nicholas Charron & Monika Bauhr, 2020, "Do Citizens Support EU Cohesion Policy? Measuring European support for redistribution within the EU and its correlates," INVESTIGACIONES REGIONALES - Journal of REGIONAL RESEARCH, Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional, issue 46, pages 11-26.
- Yoon Ah Oh, 2020, "China’s Development Finance to Asia," Staff Papers, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, number 18-2, Sep.
- Hiroaki Sakurai, 2020, "Foreign Aid Loans and Economic Growth in Vietnam," Bulletin of Applied Economics, Risk Market Journals, volume 7, issue 1, pages 83-94.
- Lauren Hackler & Frank Hefner & Mark D. Witte, 2020, "The Effects of IMF Loan Condition Compliance on GDP Growth," The American Economist, Sage Publications, volume 65, issue 1, pages 88-96, March, DOI: 10.1177/0569434519836994.
- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2020, "Effect of Aid for Trade Unpredictability on Trade Policy in Recipient-Countries," Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice, , volume 19, issue 2, pages 177-203, December, DOI: 10.1177/0976747919876708.
- Tilman Brück & Neil T. N. Ferguson, 2020, "Money can’t buy love but can it buy peace? Evidence from the EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation (PEACE II)," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), volume 37, issue 5, pages 536-558, September, DOI: 10.1177/0738894218766865.
- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2020, "Trade Openness and Diversification of External Financial Flows for Development: An Empirical Analysis," South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance, , volume 9, issue 1, pages 22-57, June, DOI: 10.1177/2277978719898974.
- Michael Kopel & Marco A. Marini, 2020, "Mandatory Disclosure of Managerial Contracts in Nonprofit Organizations," Working Papers, Sapienza University of Rome, DISS, number 23/20, Nov.
- Hadar Gafni & Marek Hudon & Anaïs A Périlleux, 2020, "Business or basic needs ?The impact of loan purpose on social crowdfunding platforms," Working Papers CEB, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 20-008, May.
- Mohamed Shumais & Ibrahim Mohamed, 2020, "What makes an environmental trust fund successful? A case study of the Maldives," Climatic Change, Springer, volume 161, issue 2, pages 327-344, July, DOI: 10.1007/s10584-020-02700-x.
- Sèna Kimm Gnangnon, 2020, "Comparative Advantage Following (CAF) development strategy, Aid for Trade flows and structural change in production," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), volume 9, issue 1, pages 1-29, December, DOI: 10.1186/s40008-020-0177-8.
- Ismahene Yahyaoui & Najeh Bouchoucha, 2020, "Foreign Aid-Growth Nexus in Africa: Do Institutions Matter?," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), volume 11, issue 4, pages 1663-1689, December, DOI: 10.1007/s13132-020-00638-0.
- Marina Murat, 2020, "Foreign aid, bilateral asylum immigration and development," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, volume 33, issue 1, pages 79-114, January, DOI: 10.1007/s00148-019-00751-8.
- Ryan C. Briggs, 2020, "Results from single-donor analyses of project aid success seem to generalize pretty well across donors," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, volume 15, issue 4, pages 947-963, October, DOI: 10.1007/s11558-019-09365-x.
- Sabrine Dhahri & Anis Omri, 2020, "Does foreign capital really matter for the host country agricultural production? Evidence from developing countries," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), volume 156, issue 1, pages 153-181, February, DOI: 10.1007/s10290-019-00361-2.
- Sabrine Dhahri & Anis Omri, 2020, "Are international capital flows really matter for achieving SDGs 1 and 2: ending poverty and hunger?," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), volume 156, issue 4, pages 731-767, November, DOI: 10.1007/s10290-020-00376-0.
- Mehmet Balcilar & Berkan Tokar & Olasehinde-Williams Godwin, 2020, "Examining the interactive growth effect of development aid and institutional quality in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Development Effectiveness, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 12, issue 4, pages 361-376, October, DOI: 10.1080/19439342.2020.1796759.
- Dirk Kohnert, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on francophone Africa," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 46, issue 162, pages 673-685, July, DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2019.1696292.
- Nestor Cheryba, 2020, "Foreign Assistance and Consumption Inequality: Does the Structure of Aid Matter?," Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine, issue 249, pages 50-70, DOI: 10.26531/vnbu2020.249.04.
- Hadar Gafni & Marek Hudon & Anaïs A Périlleux, 2020, "Business or Basic Needs? The Impact of Loan Purpose on Social Crowdfunding Platforms," ULB Institutional Repository, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number 2013/312803, May.
- Christopher Kilby, 2020, "Accounting for data uncertainty: Biases in web-scraped Chinese aid data," Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics Working Paper Series, Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics, number 45, Jun.
- Christopher Kilby & Carolyn McWhirter, 2020, "The World Bank COVID-19 Response: Politics as Usual?," Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics Working Paper Series, Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics, number 46, Jul.
- Tefera Mamo G. & Odhiambo Nicholas M., 2020, "The Dynamics of Foreign Aid Trends and Patterns Among Low- Income Countries in Africa," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, volume 20, issue 2, pages 403-422, December, DOI: 10.2478/foli-2020-0056.
- Ogbeifun Lawrence & Shobande Olatunji Abdul, 2020, "Causality Analysis of Disaggregated FDI Inflows on Sectorial Growth in OECD Area," Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series, Sciendo, volume 30, issue 4, pages 92-110, December, DOI: 10.2478/sues-2020-0026.
- Andersen,Jorgen Juel & Johannesen,Niels & Rijkers,Bob, 2020, "Elite Capture of Foreign Aid : Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 9150, Feb.
- Galdo,Virgilio & Lopez-Acevedo,Gladys C. & Rama,Martin G., 2020, "Conflict and the Composition of Economic Activity in Afghanistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 9188, Mar.
- Axel Dreher & Sarah Langlotz, 2020, "Aid and growth: New evidence using an excludable instrument," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, volume 53, issue 3, pages 1162-1198, August, DOI: 10.1111/caje.12455.
- Markus Brueckner & Wojtek Paczos & Evi Pappa, 2020, "On the Relationship between Domestic Saving and the Current Account: Evidence and Theory for Developing Countries," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, volume 52, issue 5, pages 1071-1106, August, DOI: 10.1111/jmcb.12658.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "Togo – 2019: Domestic politics, foreign affairs, socio-economic development," EconStor Open Access Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, "Africa Yearbook Volume 16: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2019".
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "No change in sight - Togo’s Political and Socio-Economic Development (2017 – 2019)," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "On the impact of the occult on state legitimacy and democratization aid in Africa," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, volume 47, issue 1, pages 24-50.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2020, "Aid for Trade and Services Export Diversification in Recipient-Countries," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 210467.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2020, "Development Aid, Remittances Inflows and Wages in the Manufacturing Sector of Recipient-Countries," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 213439.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2020, "Aid for Trade flows and Wage Inequality in the manufacturing sector of recipient-countries," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 213936.
- Kohnert, Dirk, 2020, "The impact of Brexit on Africa in times of the Corona Crisis," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 219335.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2020, "Aid for Trade, Export Product Diversification and Import Product Diversification," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 223021.
- Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm, 2020, "Tariff Volatility and Tariff Policy in Developed and Developing Countries," EconStor Preprints, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, number 223302.
- Horn, Sebastian & Reinhart, Carmen M. & Trebesch, Christoph, 2020, "Coping with disasters: Two centuries of international official lending," Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), number 2157.
- Horn, Sebastian & Reinhart, Carmen M. & Trebesch, Christoph, 2020, "Coping with Disasters: Two Centuries of International Official Lending," Working Papers, German Research Foundation's Priority Programme 1859 "Experience and Expectation. Historical Foundations of Economic Behaviour", Humboldt University Berlin, number 18, DOI: 10.18452/21485.
- Meierrieks, Daniel & Krieger, Tim & Dimant, Eugen, 2020, "Paying Them to Hate US: The Effect of U.S. Military Aid on Anti-American Terrorism, 1968-2014," VfS Annual Conference 2020 (Virtual Conference): Gender Economics, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 224548.
- Dimant, Eugen & Krieger, Tim & Meierrieks, Daniel, 2020, "Paying them to hate US: The effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism, 1968-2014," Discussion Paper Series, University of Freiburg, Wilfried Guth Endowed Chair for Constitutional Political Economy and Competition Policy, number 2020-05.
2019
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Taxation, foreign aid and political governance in Africa," Research Africa Network Working Papers, Research Africa Network (RAN), number 19/020, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Foreign Aid Complementarities and Inclusive Human Development in Africa," Research Africa Network Working Papers, Research Africa Network (RAN), number 19/021, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph Nnanna, 2019, "Foreign aid, instability and governance in Africa," Research Africa Network Working Papers, Research Africa Network (RAN), number 19/022, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu, 2019, "Natural Resource Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism," Research Africa Network Working Papers, Research Africa Network (RAN), number 19/023, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Thresholds of External Flows for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa," Research Africa Network Working Papers, Research Africa Network (RAN), number 19/045, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Foreign aid volatility and lifelong learning," Research Africa Network Working Papers, Research Africa Network (RAN), number 19/086, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Taxation, foreign aid and political governance in Africa," CEREDEC Working Papers, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC), number 19/020, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Foreign Aid Complementarities and Inclusive Human Development in Africa," CEREDEC Working Papers, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC), number 19/021, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph Nnanna, 2019, "Foreign aid, instability and governance in Africa," CEREDEC Working Papers, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC), number 19/022, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu, 2019, "Natural Resource Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism," CEREDEC Working Papers, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC), number 19/023, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Thresholds of External Flows for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa," CEREDEC Working Papers, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC), number 19/045, Jan.
- Solomon Samanhyia & Danny Cassimon, 2019, "The Effect of Aid on Growth in the Presence of Economic Regime Change," The African Finance Journal, Africagrowth Institute, volume 21, issue 2, pages 1-23.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Taxation, foreign aid and political governance in Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute., African Governance and Development Institute., number 19/020, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Foreign Aid Complementarities and Inclusive Human Development in Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute., African Governance and Development Institute., number 19/021, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph Nnanna, 2019, "Foreign aid, instability and governance in Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute., African Governance and Development Institute., number 19/022, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu, 2019, "Natural Resource Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute., African Governance and Development Institute., number 19/023, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Thresholds of External Flows for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute., African Governance and Development Institute., number 19/045, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Foreign aid volatility and lifelong learning," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute., African Governance and Development Institute., number 19/086, Jan.
- Afsheen Hashmat & Ghulam Ghouse, 2019, "The Role of Technological Advancement in Agriculture Sector on Economic Growth of Pakistan," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), volume 1, issue 1, pages 21-31, June, DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2019.0.
- Anam Tanveer & Muhammad Mehran Latif & Maryum Ziafat, 2019, "Role of Foreign Aid in Employment Generation: A Case Study of Pakistan," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), volume 1, issue 2, pages 103-112, December, DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2019.0.
- Snober Fazal & Muhammad Azhar Bhatti & Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad, 2019, "Sectorial growth, Exchange rate and Fiscal policy in Developing Economies: The Interlinkages," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), volume 1, issue 2, pages 68-81, December, DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2019.0.
- Margarita Gafaro & José Antonio Ocampo & Sonia Daniela Monroy-Cely & Alejandro Rueda-Sanz, 2019, "Revisión de experiencias de apoyo a la agricultura familiar," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, issue 91, pages 1-77, August.
- Simplice A. ASONGU & Jacinta NWACHUKWU & Nicholas BIEKPE, 2019, "Foreign Aid, Terrorism And Growth: Conditional Evidence From Quantile Regression," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 90, issue 3, pages 457-486, September, DOI: 10.1111/apce.12235.
- Shaomeng Jia & Claudia R. Williamson, 2019, "Aid, Policies, And Growth: Why So Much Confusion?," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, volume 37, issue 4, pages 577-599, October, DOI: 10.1111/coep.12418.
- Simon Reid-Henry, 2019, "Global Public Investment: Redesigning International Public Finance for Social Cohesion—A Preliminary Sketch," Revue d’économie du développement, De Boeck Université, volume 27, issue 2, pages 169-201.
- Marlène Guillon & Jacky Mathonnat, 2019, "Is there a Strategy in China’s Health Official Development Assistance to African Countries?," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, volume 129, issue 4, pages 619-660.
- Axel Dreher & Andreas Fuchs & Roland Hodler & Bradley C. Parks & Paul A. Raschky & Michael J. Tierney, 2019, "Is Favoritism a Threat to Chinese Aid Effectiveness? A Subnational Analysis of Chinese Development Projects," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 7739.
- Sarah Langlotz & Niklas Potrafke, 2019, "Does Development Aid Increase Military Expenditure?," ifo Working Paper Series, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 303.
- William Savedoff, 2019, "What Is "Country Ownership"? A Formal Exploration of the Aid Relationship," Working Papers, Center for Global Development, number 519, Oct.
- Sultan Mehmood & Avner Seror, 2019, "The Political Economy of Foreign Aid and Growth:Theory and Evidence," Working Papers, Chapman University, Economic Science Institute, number 19-10.
- Erasmus Kersting & Christopher Kilby, 2019, "The rise of supplemental lending at the World Bank," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, volume 52, issue 4, pages 1655-1698, November, DOI: 10.1111/caje.12415.
- Margarita Gáfaro & Jos� Antonio Ocampo & Sonia Daniela Monroy-Cely & Alejandro Rueda-Sanz, 2019, "Revisión de experiencias de apoyo a la agricultura familiar," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, issue 91, pages 1-77.
- Dreher, Axel & Fuchs, Andreas & Hodler, Roland & Parks, Bradley & , & Tierney, Michael, 2019, "Is Favoritism a Threat to Chinese Aid Effectiveness? A Subnational Analysis of Chinese Development Projects," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 13840, Jul.
- Pappa, Evi & Brueckner, Markus & Paczos, Wojtek, 2019, "On the Relationship Between Domestic Saving and the Current Account: Evidence and Theory for Developing Countries," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14104, Nov.
- Silvia Marchesi & Tania Masi, 2019, "Allocation of Implementing Power: Evidence from World Bank Projects," Development Working Papers, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, number 447, Mar.
- Kewal R. TALREJA & Naveed A. SHAIKH & Parveen SHAH, 2019, "Regional trade and macroeconomic indicators in Pakistan: A cointegration analysis," Turkish Economic Review, EconSciences Journals, volume 6, issue 3, pages 232-240, September.
- Claudia Kemfert & Lukas Menkhoff & Karsten Neuhoff & Jörn Richstein & Tobias Stöhr & Vera Zipperer, 2019, "Global Responsibilities: Renewable Energies, Climate Policy, Migratory Pressure: Reports," DIW Weekly Report, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 9, issue 16/17/18, pages 160-166.
- Claudia Kemfert & Lukas Menkhoff & Karsten Neuhoff & Jörn Richstein & Tobias Stöhr & Vera Zipperer, 2019, "Globale Verantwortung: Erneuerbare Energien, Klima, Migrationsdruck: Berichte," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 86, issue 18, pages 322-328.
- Dykstra, Sarah & Glassman, Amanda & Kenny, Charles & Sandefur, Justin, 2019, "Regression discontinuity analysis of Gavi's impact on vaccination rates," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 140, issue C, pages 12-25, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.04.005.
- Dreher, Axel & Lang, Valentin F. & Richert, Katharina, 2019, "The political economy of International Finance Corporation lending," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 140, issue C, pages 242-254, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.05.003.
- Dreher, Axel & Fuchs, Andreas & Hodler, Roland & Parks, Bradley C. & Raschky, Paul A. & Tierney, Michael J., 2019, "African leaders and the geography of China's foreign assistance," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 140, issue C, pages 44-71, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.04.003.
- Child, Travers Barclay, 2019, "Conflict and counterinsurgency aid: Drawing sectoral distinctions," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 141, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.06.003.
- Francois, John Nana & Keinsley, Andrew, 2019, "The long-run relationship between public consumption and output in developing countries: Evidence from panel data," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 174, issue C, pages 96-99, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.10.022.
- Dreher, Axel & Fuchs, Andreas & Langlotz, Sarah, 2019, "The effects of foreign aid on refugee flows," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 112, issue C, pages 127-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.12.001.
- Kaufmann, Daniel & McGuirk, Eoin F. & Vicente, Pedro C., 2019, "Foreign aid preferences and perceptions in donor countries," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, volume 47, issue 3, pages 601-617, DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2019.03.003.
- Langlotz, Sarah & Potrafke, Niklas, 2019, "Does development aid increase military expenditure?," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, volume 47, issue 3, pages 735-757, DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2019.05.002.
- van der Ploeg, Frederick, 2019, "Macro policy responses to natural resource windfalls and the crash in commodity prices," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, volume 96, issue C, pages 263-282, DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.07.004.
- Gokmenoglu, Korhan K. & Rustamov, Bezhan, 2019, "Examining the World Bank Group lending and natural resource abundance induced financial development in KART countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, volume 63, issue C, pages 1-1, DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101433.
- Dicharry, Benoit & Nguyen-Van, Phu & Pham, Thi Kim Cuong, 2019, "“The winner takes it all” or a story of the optimal allocation of the European Cohesion Fund," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 59, issue C, pages 385-399, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.05.003.
- Azémar, Céline & Dharmapala, Dhammika, 2019, "Tax sparing agreements, territorial tax reforms, and foreign direct investment," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 169, issue C, pages 89-108, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.10.013.
- Markus Brueckner & Wojtek Paczos & Evi Pappa, 2019, "On the Relationship Between Domestic Saving and the Current Account: Evidence and Theory for Developing Countries," CAMA Working Papers, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, number 2019-32, Apr.
- S Gnangnon, 2019, "Trade-related Government Expenditure and Aid for Trade in Recipient-Countries," Economic Issues Journal Articles, Economic Issues, volume 24, issue 2, pages 1-20, September.
- Hillary Chijindu Ezeaku & Obiamaka P. Egbo & Ifeoma Nwakoby & Josaphat U.J. Onwumere, 2019, "Effectiveness of bilateral and multilateral concessional debts on economic growth in Africa," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 15, issue 2, pages 344-361, August, DOI: 10.1108/IJOEM-09-2018-0493.
- Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau & Agboola Hammed Yusuf & Kafilah Lola Gold, 2019, "Endogenous specification of foreign capital inflows, human capital development and economic growth," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 46, issue 3, pages 454-472, February, DOI: 10.1108/IJSE-04-2018-0168.
- Moheddine Younsi & Hasna Khemili & Marwa Bechtini, 2019, "Does foreign aid help alleviate income inequality? New evidence from African countries," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 46, issue 4, pages 549-561, January, DOI: 10.1108/IJSE-06-2018-0319.
- John Ssozi & Simplice Asongu & Voxi Heinrich Amavilah, 2019, "The effectiveness of development aid for agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 46, issue 2, pages 284-305, March, DOI: 10.1108/JES-11-2017-0324.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Taxation, foreign aid and political governance in Africa," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 19/020, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Foreign Aid Complementarities and Inclusive Human Development in Africa," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 19/021, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019, "Foreign aid, instability and governance in Africa," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 19/022, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu, 2019, "Natural Resource Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 19/023, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Thresholds of External Flows for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 19/045, Jan.
- Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph I. Uduji & Elda N. Okolo-Obasi, 2019, "Foreign aid volatility and lifelong learning," Working Papers, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS), number 19/086, Jan.
- Maïmouna DIAKITE & Souleymane DIARRA & Sampawende J.-A. TAPSOBA & Tertius ZONGO, 2019, "Foreign Aid and Domestic Revenue Mobilization in Conflict-affected Countries," Working Papers, FERDI, number P248, Jan.
- Maïmouna DIAKITE & Souleymane DIARRA & Sampawende J.-A. TAPSOBA & Tertius ZONGO, 2019, "Foreign Aid and Domestic Revenue Mobilization in Conflict-affected Countries," Working Papers, FERDI, number P248, Jan.
- Aleksandra K. Morozkina, 2019, "EAEU Countries in the International Development Assistance Framework," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 1, pages 88-100, February, DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2019-1-88-100.
- Asongu, Simplice, 2019, "Natural Resource Exports, Foreign Aid and Terrorism," International Journal of Development and Conflict, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, volume 9, issue 1, pages 74-94.
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