IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jrefec/v71y2025i2d10.1007_s11146-021-09839-z.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Commonalities in Private Commercial Real Estate Market Liquidity and Price Index Returns

Author

Listed:
  • Dorinth W. Dijk

    (De Nederlandsche Bank
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

  • Marc K. Francke

    (University of Amsterdam
    Ortec Finance)

Abstract

We examine co-movements in private commercial real estate index returns and market liquidity in the US (apartment, office, retail) and for eighteen global cities, using data from Real Capital Analytics over the period 2005–2018. Our measure of market liquidity is based on the difference between supply and demand price indexes. We document for all analyzed markets much stronger commonalities in changes in market liquidity compared to commonalities in real price index returns. We further provide empirical evidence that space markets are less integrated than capital markets by analyzing co-movements in net-operating-income and cap rate spreads (over similar maturity bond yields). In a theoretical simulation model, we show that the strong integration of capital markets compared to space markets, is in fact the reason why market liquidity co-moves so strongly compared to returns. Our results are of interest for large private real estate investors such as pension funds and other institutional investors who are interested in spreading risk. Our findings imply that fully diversified price return benefits may be difficult to obtain, because market liquidity may dry up in all markets simultaneously, which makes portfolio re-balancing more difficult and costly.

Suggested Citation

  • Dorinth W. Dijk & Marc K. Francke, 2025. "Commonalities in Private Commercial Real Estate Market Liquidity and Price Index Returns," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 71(2), pages 141-177, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:jrefec:v:71:y:2025:i:2:d:10.1007_s11146-021-09839-z
    DOI: 10.1007/s11146-021-09839-z
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11146-021-09839-z
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11146-021-09839-z?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ping Cheng & Zhenguo Lin & Yingchun Liu, 2013. "Performance of Thinly Traded Assets: A Case in Real Estate," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 48(3), pages 511-536, August.
    2. Jim Clayton & Greg MacKinnon & Liang Peng, 2008. "Time Variation of Liquidity in the Private Real Estate Market: An Empirical Investigation," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(2), pages 125-160, January.
    3. Steven Clark & T. Coggin, 2009. "Trends, Cycles and Convergence in U.S. Regional House Prices," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 39(3), pages 264-283, October.
    4. William Goetzmann & Liang Peng, 2006. "Estimating House Price Indexes in the Presence of Seller Reservation Prices," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 88(1), pages 100-112, February.
    5. Holly, Sean & Hashem Pesaran, M. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2011. "The spatial and temporal diffusion of house prices in the UK," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 2-23, January.
    6. Jeff Fisher & David Geltner & Henry Pollakowski, 2007. "A Quarterly Transactions-based Index of Institutional Real Estate Investment Performance and Movements in Supply and Demand," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 34(1), pages 5-33, January.
    7. Bryan Macgregor & Gregory Schwann, 2003. "Common features in UK commercial real estate returns," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 23-48, January.
    8. Amihud, Yakov, 2002. "Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time-series effects," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 31-56, January.
    9. Jeffrey Fisher & Dean Gatzlaff & David Geltner & Donald Haurin, 2003. "Controlling for the Impact of Variable Liquidity in Commercial Real Estate Price Indices," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 31(2), pages 269-303, June.
    10. David Ling & Gianluca Marcato & Pat McAllister, 2009. "Dynamics of Asset Prices and Transaction Activity in Illiquid Markets: the Case of Private Commercial Real Estate," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 39(3), pages 359-383, October.
    11. Korajczyk, Robert A. & Sadka, Ronnie, 2008. "Pricing the commonality across alternative measures of liquidity," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 45-72, January.
    12. Karolyi, G. Andrew & Lee, Kuan-Hui & van Dijk, Mathijs A., 2012. "Understanding commonality in liquidity around the world," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(1), pages 82-112.
    13. Chordia, Tarun & Roll, Richard & Subrahmanyam, Avanidhar, 2000. "Commonality in liquidity," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(1), pages 3-28, April.
    14. Martin Hoesli & Anjeza Kadilli & Kustrim Reka, 2017. "Commonality in Liquidity and Real Estate Securities," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 65-105, July.
    15. Lee, Kuan-Hui, 2011. "The world price of liquidity risk," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(1), pages 136-161, January.
    16. James Heckman, 2013. "Sample selection bias as a specification error," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 31(3), pages 129-137.
    17. Dirk Brounen & Gianluca Marcato & Edoardo Silvestri, 2019. "Price Signaling and Return Chasing: International Evidence from Maturing REIT Markets," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 47(1), pages 314-357, March.
    18. Sheharyar Bokhari & David Geltner, 2011. "Loss Aversion and Anchoring in Commercial Real Estate Pricing: Empirical Evidence and Price Index Implications," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 39(4), pages 635-670, December.
    19. David Geltner, 2015. "Real Estate Price Indices and Price Dynamics: An Overview from an Investments Perspective," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 615-633, December.
    20. de Wit, Erik R. & Englund, Peter & Francke, Marc K., 2013. "Price and transaction volume in the Dutch housing market," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 220-241.
    21. Jonathan A. Wiley, 2017. "Leverage, liquidity and information in commercial property prices," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(2), pages 77-107, April.
    22. Rahul Srivatsa & Stephen L. Lee, 2012. "European real estate market convergence," Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 30(5), pages 458-472, August.
    23. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    24. Dorinth W. van Dijk & Marc K. Francke, 2018. "Internet Search Behavior, Liquidity and Prices in the Housing Market," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 46(2), pages 368-403, June.
    25. Tarun Chordia, 2005. "An Empirical Analysis of Stock and Bond Market Liquidity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 18(1), pages 85-129.
    26. Jim Clayton & Greg MacKinnon & Liang Peng, 2008. "Time Variation of Liquidity in the Private Real Estate Market: An Empirical Investigation," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 30(2), pages 125-160.
    27. Rahul Srivatsa & Stephen L. Lee, 2012. "European real estate market convergence," Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 30(5), pages 458-472, August.
    28. Frank Ametefe & Steven Devaney & Gianluca Marcato, 2016. "Liquidity: A Review of Dimensions, Causes, Measures, and Empirical Applications in Real Estate Markets," Journal of Real Estate Literature, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1), pages 1-29, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gianluca Marcato, 2018. "Liquidity Pricing of Illiquid Assets," ERES eres2018_215, European Real Estate Society (ERES).
    2. Dorinth van Dijk, 2019. "Local Constant-Quality Housing Market Liquidity Indices," DNB Working Papers 637, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
    3. Dorinth van Dijk & David Geltner & Alex van de Minne, 2018. "Revisiting supply and demand indexes in real estate," DNB Working Papers 583, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
    4. Dorinth W. Dijk & David M. Geltner & Alex M. Minne, 2022. "The Dynamics of Liquidity in Commercial Property Markets: Revisiting Supply and Demand Indexes in Real Estate," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 64(3), pages 327-360, April.
    5. Wang, Xinyu & Fang, Zhuangzhi & Wang, Zhenxin, 2025. "The dual role of sentiment on housing prices in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    6. Dorinth van Dijk & David Geltner & Alex van de Minne, 2018. "Revisiting supply and demand indexes in real estate," ERES eres2018_41, European Real Estate Society (ERES).
    7. Saad, Mohsen & Samet, Anis, 2020. "Collectivism and commonality in liquidity," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 137-162.
    8. Martin Hoesli & Anjeza Kadilli & Kustrim Reka, 2017. "Commonality in Liquidity and Real Estate Securities," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 65-105, July.
    9. Dorinth van Dijk & Marc Francke & Yumei Wang, 2025. "The Dynamic Relationship between Delinquency Rates, Funding and Market Liquidity and Asset Prices in Private Commercial Real Estate Markets," Working Papers 835, DNB.
    10. Abdulrahman Alhassan & Atsuyuki Naka & Abdullah Noman, 2021. "Oil Market Factors as a Source of Commonality in Liquidity in International Equity Markets," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-33, August.
    11. Hagströmer, Björn & Hansson, Björn & Nilsson, Birger, 2013. "The components of the illiquidity premium: An empirical analysis of US stocks 1927–2010," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(11), pages 4476-4487.
    12. Bond, Shaun A. & Chang, Qingqing, 2012. "Liquidity dynamics across public and private markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(7), pages 1890-1910.
    13. Kim, Soon-Ho & Lee, Kuan-Hui, 2014. "Pricing of liquidity risks: Evidence from multiple liquidity measures," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 112-133.
    14. O’Sullivan, Conall & Papavassiliou, Vassilios G., 2020. "On the term structure of liquidity in the European sovereign bond market," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    15. Benson, Karen & Faff, Robert & Smith, Tom, 2015. "Injecting liquidity into liquidity research," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 35(PB), pages 533-540.
    16. Nina Karnaukh & Angelo Ranaldo & Paul Söderlind, 2015. "Understanding FX Liquidity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 28(11), pages 3073-3108.
    17. Hadhri, Sinda & Ftiti, Zied, 2019. "Commonality in liquidity among Middle East and North Africa emerging stock markets: Does it really matter?," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 43(3).
    18. Karolyi, G. Andrew & Lee, Kuan-Hui & van Dijk, Mathijs A., 2012. "Understanding commonality in liquidity around the world," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(1), pages 82-112.
    19. Joanna Olbrys, 2019. "Intra-market commonality in liquidity: new evidence from the Polish stock exchange," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 14(2), pages 251-275, June.
    20. Liu, Ziqiang & Gao, Xin & Xu, Hao & Xu, Weidong, 2024. "Climate change exposure and stock liquidity commonality: International evidence," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • R30 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - General
    • C11 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Bayesian Analysis: General
    • C41 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:jrefec:v:71:y:2025:i:2:d:10.1007_s11146-021-09839-z. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.