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Exploring Drivers of Livelihood Diversification and Its Effect on Adoption of Sustainable Land Management Practices in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

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  • Misganaw Teshager Abeje

    (The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
    Institute of Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Studies, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia)

  • Atsushi Tsunekawa

    (Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan)

  • Enyew Adgo

    (College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia)

  • Nigussie Haregeweyn

    (International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan)

  • Zerihun Nigussie

    (Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
    College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia)

  • Zemen Ayalew

    (College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia)

  • Asres Elias

    (Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan)

  • Dessalegn Molla

    (College of Agriculture, Woldia University, P.O. Box 400, Woldia 7220, Ethiopia)

  • Daregot Berihun

    (College of Business and Economics, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia)

Abstract

Land degradation poses a major threat to agricultural production and food security in Ethiopia, and sustainable land management (SLM) is key in dealing with its adverse impacts. This paper examines the covariates that shape rural livelihood diversification and examines their effects on the intensity of adoption of SLM practices. Household-level data were collected in 2017 from 270 households in three drought-prone watersheds located in northwestern Ethiopia. We used the Herfindahl–Simpson diversity index to explore the extent of livelihood diversification. A stochastic dominance ordering was also employed to identify remunerative livelihood activities. A multivariate probit model was employed to estimate the probability of choosing simultaneous livelihood strategies, and an ordered probit model was estimated to examine the effect of livelihood diversification on the adoption intensity of SLM practices. In addition to mixed cropping and livestock production, the production of emerging cash crops (e.g., Acacia decurrens for charcoal, and khat) dominated the overall income generation of the majority of farmers. Stress/shock experience, extent of agricultural intensification, and agro-ecology significantly affected the probability of choosing certain livelihood strategies. Livelihood diversification at the household level was significantly associated with the dependency ratio, market distance, credit access, extension services, membership in community organizations, level of income, and livestock ownership. A greater extent of livelihood diversification had a significant negative effect on adopting a greater number of SLM practices, whereas it had a positive effect on lower SLM adoption intensity. Overall, we found evidence that having greater livelihood diversification could prompt households not to adopt more SLM practices. Livelihood initiatives that focus on increasing shock resilience, access to financial support mechanisms, improving livestock production, and providing quality extension services, while also considering agro-ecological differences, are needed. In addition, development planners should take into account the livelihood portfolios of rural households when trying to implement SLM policies and programs.

Suggested Citation

  • Misganaw Teshager Abeje & Atsushi Tsunekawa & Enyew Adgo & Nigussie Haregeweyn & Zerihun Nigussie & Zemen Ayalew & Asres Elias & Dessalegn Molla & Daregot Berihun, 2019. "Exploring Drivers of Livelihood Diversification and Its Effect on Adoption of Sustainable Land Management Practices in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-23, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:10:p:2991-:d:234490
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