IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v9y2021i16p1838-d608136.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Exploring Personal and Contextual Variables of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor through the Rasch Mathematical Model

Author

Listed:
  • José Alberto Martínez-González

    (Department of Business Management and Economic History, Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain)

  • Urszula Kobylinska

    (Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland)

  • Desiderio Gutiérrez-Taño

    (Department of Business Management and Economic History, Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain)

Abstract

This article studies the variables of entrepreneurship at the regional (countries) level proposed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in its periodic global reports. This response to the suggestions and concerns of various authors is related to the need to analyze the theoretical foundation of the variables used by GEM. The validity and reliability of GEM data for the scientific study of entrepreneurship are also analyzed. Finally, the potential of GEM data to manage entrepreneurship variables at the country level is studied. Data from the GEM global report and the fifty countries for which data are available on all variables are used in the study. The methodology used is the Rasch mathematical model, a valuable alternative to the Classical Theory of the Test. The results confirm the theoretical validity of GEM data, its validity and reliability for the development of scientific studies, and its potential for managing entrepreneurship variables at the country level. Both the methodology used and the conclusions obtained constitute novel contributions to this field.

Suggested Citation

  • José Alberto Martínez-González & Urszula Kobylinska & Desiderio Gutiérrez-Taño, 2021. "Exploring Personal and Contextual Variables of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor through the Rasch Mathematical Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(16), pages 1-23, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:9:y:2021:i:16:p:1838-:d:608136
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/9/16/1838/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/9/16/1838/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhao, Eric Yanfei & Lounsbury, Michael, 2016. "An institutional logics approach to social entrepreneurship: Market logic, religious diversity, and resource acquisition by microfinance organizations," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 643-662.
    2. Paul Reynolds & Niels Bosma & Erkko Autio & Steve Hunt & Natalie De Bono & Isabel Servais & Paloma Lopez-Garcia & Nancy Chin, 2005. "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Data Collection Design and Implementation 1998–2003," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 205-231, February.
    3. Michael Fritsch & Michael Wyrwich, 2017. "The effect of entrepreneurship on economic development—an empirical analysis using regional entrepreneurship culture," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 17(1), pages 157-189.
    4. Aizhan Tleuberdinova & Zhanat Shayekina & Dinara Salauatova & Stephen Pratt, 2021. "Macro-economic Factors Influencing Tourism Entrepreneurship: The Case of Kazakhstan," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 30(1), pages 179-209, March.
    5. Francisco Liñán & José Fernandez-Serrano, 2014. "National culture, entrepreneurship and economic development: different patterns across the European Union," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(4), pages 685-701, April.
    6. Markus Grillitsch, 2019. "Following or breaking regional development paths: on the role and capability of the innovative entrepreneur," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(5), pages 681-691, May.
    7. Charitomeni Tsordia & Dimitra Papadimitriou, 2015. "The Role of Theory of Planned Behavior on Entrepreneurial Intention of Greek Business Students," Managing Intellectual Capital and Innovation for Sustainable and Inclusive Society: Managing Intellectual Capital and Innovation; Proceedings of the MakeLearn and TIIM Joint International Conference 2,, ToKnowPress.
    8. José Alberto Martínez-González & Urszula Kobylinska & Francisco J. García-Rodríguez & Lukasz Nazarko, 2019. "Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention among Young People: Model and Regional Evidence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-29, December.
    9. Christian Hopp & Ute Stephan, 2012. "The influence of socio-cultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: Community culture, motivation, self-efficacy and start-up success," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(9-10), pages 917-945, December.
    10. Alfredo Monte & Luca Pennacchio, 2020. "Historical roots of regional entrepreneurship: the role of knowledge and creativity," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 1-22, June.
    11. Karabatsos, George & Ullrich, James R., 2002. "Enumerating and testing conjoint measurement models," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 485-504, July.
    12. Henson, Spencer & Blandon, Jose & Cranfield, John, 2010. "Difficulty of healthy eating: A Rasch model approach," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 70(10), pages 1574-1580, May.
    13. José Pedro Carreón-Gutiérrez & José Manuel Saiz-Álvarez, 2019. "Opportunity Motivation and Growth Aspirations of Mexican Entrepreneurs: The Moderating Role of the Household Income," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-15, November.
    14. Zoltán J. Ács & Erkko Autio & László Szerb, 2015. "National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications," Chapters, in: Global Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Incentives, chapter 28, pages 523-541, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    15. José Alberto Molina, 2020. "Family and Entrepreneurship: New Empirical and Theoretical Results," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 1-3, March.
    16. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    17. Erskin Blunck & E. Fetzer & J. M. Tilley, 2021. "Benchmarking digital education programs on social entrepreneurship: what a digital program on social entrepreneurship can learn from other digital social entrepreneurship programs," Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(1), pages 49-64, January.
    18. Amir Ali Alahverdi, 2017. "Researches Benchmarking for Identifying the Relationship between Innovation and Entrepreneurship in E-commerce," International Review of Management and Marketing, Econjournals, vol. 7(5), pages 1-8.
    19. Marco Gelderen & Teemu Kautonen & Joakim Wincent & Marina Biniari, 2018. "Implementation intentions in the entrepreneurial process: concept, empirical findings, and research agenda," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 923-941, December.
    20. Cacciotti, Gabriella & Hayton, James C. & Mitchell, J. Robert & Allen, David G., 2020. "Entrepreneurial fear of failure: Scale development and validation," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(5).
    21. Amir Emami & Datis Khajeheian, 2018. "Social Norms and Entrepreneurial Action: The Mediating Role of Opportunity Confidence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, December.
    22. Farinha, Luís & Lopes, João & Bagchi-Sen, Sharmistha & Sebastião, João Renato & Oliveira, José, 2020. "Entrepreneurial dynamics and government policies to boost entrepreneurship performance," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    23. José Ernesto Amorós & Carlos Poblete & Vesna Mandakovic, 2019. "R&D transfer, policy and innovative ambitious entrepreneurship: evidence from Latin American countries," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 44(5), pages 1396-1415, October.
    24. Aikaterini Sotiropoulou & Dimitra Papadimitriou & Leonidas Maroudas, 2021. "Personal Values and Typologies of Social Entrepreneurs. The Case of Greece," Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 1-27, January.
    25. Kun-Huang Huarng & Tiffany Hui-Kuang Yu, 2021. "Complexity theory of entrepreneur characteristics," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(3), pages 1037-1048, September.
    26. Diana M. Hechavarría & Amy E. Ingram, 2019. "Entrepreneurial ecosystem conditions and gendered national-level entrepreneurial activity: a 14-year panel study of GEM," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(2), pages 431-458, August.
    27. Mitja Ruzzier & Evan J. Douglas & Maja Konečnik Ruzzier & Jana Hojnik, 2020. "International Entrepreneurial Orientation and the Intention to Internationalize," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    28. Muñoz, Pablo & Naudé, Wim & Williams, Nick & Williams, Trenton & Frías, Rodrigo, 2020. "Reorienting entrepreneurial support infrastructure to tackle a social crisis: A rapid response," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    29. David J. Rapp & Michael Olbrich, 2020. "On entrepreneurial decision logics under conditions of uncertainty: an attempt to advance the current debate," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-9, December.
    30. Ali, Abdul & Kelley, Donna J. & Levie, Jonathan, 2020. "Market-driven entrepreneurship and institutions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 117-128.
    31. Heiko Bergmann & Christian Hundt & Rolf Sternberg, 2016. "What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 53-76, June.
    32. Dvouletý, Ondřej, 2018. "How to analyse determinants of entrepreneurship and self-employment at the country level? A methodological contribution," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 9(C), pages 92-99.
    33. Michelle A. Dean & Christopher L. Shook & G. Tyge Payne, 2007. "The Past, Present, and Future of Entrepreneurship Research: Data Analytic Trends and Training1," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 31(4), pages 601-618, July.
    34. Janna Alvedalen & Ron Boschma, 2017. "A critical review of entrepreneurial ecosystems research: towards a future research agenda," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(6), pages 887-903, June.
    35. Salzberger, Thomas & Newton, Fiona J. & Ewing, Michael T., 2014. "Detecting gender item bias and differential manifest response behavior: A Rasch-based solution," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(4), pages 598-607.
    36. Morteza RezaeiZadeh & Michael Hogan & John O’Reilly & James Cunningham & Eamonn Murphy, 2017. "Core entrepreneurial competencies and their interdependencies: insights from a study of Irish and Iranian entrepreneurs, university students and academics," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 35-73, March.
    37. David J. Rapp & Michael Olbrich, 2020. "On entrepreneurial decision logics under conditions of uncertainty: an attempt to advance the current debate," Post-Print hal-02950488, HAL.
    38. Ahsan, Mujtaba & Fernhaber, Stephanie A., 2019. "Multinational Enterprises: Leveraging a Corporate International Entrepreneurship Lens for New Insights Into Subsidiary Initiatives," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 51-65.
    39. Calza, Francesco & Cannavale, Chiara & Zohoorian Nadali, Iman, 2020. "How do cultural values influence entrepreneurial behavior of nations? A behavioral reasoning approach," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(5).
    40. David Audretsch & Rosa Caiazza, 2016. "Technology transfer and entrepreneurship: cross-national analysis," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 41(6), pages 1247-1259, December.
    41. Mike Herrington & Alicia Coduras, 2019. "The national entrepreneurship framework conditions in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative study of GEM data/National Expert Surveys for South Africa, Angola, Mozambique and Madagascar," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 9(1), pages 1-24, December.
    42. Miao, Chao & Qian, Shanshan & Humphrey, Ronald H., 2019. "The challenges of Lean management research and practice in the field of entrepreneurship: The roles of I-O psychology theories and I-O psychologists," Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 260-263, September.
    43. Thomas Schøtt & Maryam Cheraghi, 2015. "Gendering pursuits of innovation: embeddedness in networks and culture," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 24(1), pages 83-116.
    44. Vasiliki Vamvaka & Chrysostomos Stoforos & Theodosios Palaskas & Charalampos Botsaris, 2020. "Attitude toward entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention: dimensionality, structural relationships, and gender differences," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-26, December.
    45. Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi & Alexander Brem & Mohammad Shahabinezhad, 2018. "Does Thinking Style Make a Difference in Environmental Perception and Orientation? Evidence from Entrepreneurs in Post-Sanction Iran," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-19, May.
    46. Charitomeni Tsordia & Dimitra Papadimitriou, 2015. "The Role of Theory of Planned Behavior on Entrepreneurial Intention of Greek Business Students," International Journal of Synergy and Research, ToKnowPress, vol. 4(1), pages 23-37.
    47. Chang, Yu-Yu & Chen, Ming-Huei, 2020. "Creative entrepreneurs’ creativity, opportunity recognition, and career success: Is resource availability a double-edged sword?," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pages 750-762.
    48. Maria-Ana Georgescu & Emilia Herman, 2020. "The Impact of the Family Background on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions: An Empirical Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-18, June.
    49. Bennett, Daniel L., 2019. "Infrastructure investments and entrepreneurial dynamism in the U.S," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 1-1.
    50. Yoon, Hyungseok (David) & Kim, Namil & Buisson, Bernard & Phillips, Fred, 2018. "A cross-national study of knowledge, government intervention, and innovative nascent entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 243-252.
    51. Heiko Bergmann & Susan Mueller & Thomas Schrettle, 2014. "The use of global entrepreneurship monitor data in academic research: a critical inventory and future potentials," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 6(3), pages 242-276.
    52. Matthias Filser & Sascha Kraus & Norat Roig-Tierno & Norbert Kailer & Ulrike Fischer, 2019. "Entrepreneurship as Catalyst for Sustainable Development: Opening the Black Box," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-18, August.
    53. Canestrino, Rossella & Ćwiklicki, Marek & Magliocca, Pierpaolo & Pawełek, Barbara, 2020. "Understanding social entrepreneurship: A cultural perspective in business research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 132-143.
    54. Barbara Del Bosco & Alice Mazzucchelli & Roberto Chierici & Angelo Di Gregorio, 2021. "Innovative startup creation: the effect of local factors and demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 145-164, March.
    55. Jinyi Zhou & Xingzi Xu & Yawen Li & Chengcheng Liu, 2020. "Creative Enough to Become an Entrepreneur: A Multi-Wave Study of Creative Personality, Education, Entrepreneurial Identity, and Innovation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-16, May.
    56. Claudia Álvarez & David Urbano & José Amorós, 2014. "GEM research: achievements and challenges," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(3), pages 445-465, March.
    57. Adomako, Samuel & Amankwah-Amoah, Joseph & Chu, Irene, 2020. "Entrepreneurs’ passion, home country’s institutional voids and small firm internationalization," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    58. Josefina Novejarque Civera & Mabel Pisá Bó & José Fernando López-Muñoz, 2021. "Do contextual factors influence entrepreneurship? Spain’s regional evidences," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 105-129, March.
    59. Elena-Loreni Baciu & Delia Vîrgă & Theofild-Andrei Lazăr & Delia Gligor & Cecilia-Nicoleta Jurcuț, 2020. "The Association between Entrepreneurial Perceived Behavioral Control, Personality, Empathy, and Assertiveness in a Romanian Sample of Nascent Entrepreneurs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-16, December.
    60. Simón-Moya, Virginia & Revuelto-Taboada, Lorenzo & Guerrero, Rafael Fernández, 2014. "Institutional and economic drivers of entrepreneurship: An international perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(5), pages 715-721.
    61. Stefano Bonini & Vincenzo Capizzi & Douglas Cumming, 2019. "Emerging trends in entrepreneurial finance," Venture Capital, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(2-3), pages 133-136, July.
    62. Raymond K. Van Ness & Charles F. Seifert & Janet H. Marler & William J. Wales & Mark E. Hughes, 2020. "Proactive Entrepreneurs: Who Are They and How Are They Different?," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 29(1), pages 148-175, March.
    63. Lutz Trettin & Friederike Welter, 2011. "Challenges for spatially oriented entrepreneurship research," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(7-8), pages 575-602, September.
    64. Naziruddin Abdullah & Noor Ul Hadi & Léo-Paul Dana, 2018. "The nexus between entrepreneur skills and successful business: a decompositional analysis," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 34(2), pages 249-265.
    65. Cherrier, Helene & Goswami, Paromita & Ray, Subhasis, 2018. "Social entrepreneurship: Creating value in the context of institutional complexity," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 245-258.
    66. Folashade O. Akinyemi & Oluwabunmi O. Adejumo, 2018. "Government policies and entrepreneurship phases in emerging economies: Nigeria and South Africa," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 8(1), pages 1-18, December.
    67. Laspita, Stavroula & Breugst, Nicola & Heblich, Stephan & Patzelt, Holger, 2012. "Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 27(4), pages 414-435.
    68. Joan-Lluís Capelleras & Ignacio Contin-Pilart & Martin Larraza-Kintana & Victor Martin-Sanchez, 2019. "Entrepreneurs’ human capital and growth aspirations: the moderating role of regional entrepreneurial culture," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 52(1), pages 3-25, January.
    69. Áron Perényi & Miklós Losoncz, 2018. "A Systematic Review of International Entrepreneurship Special Issue Articles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-26, September.
    70. Elena Petrovna Kiselitsa & Natalia Nikolaevna Shilova & Irina Aleksandrovna Liman & Egor Evgenyevich Naumenko, 2018. "Impact of spatial development on sustainable entrepreneurship," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 6(2), pages 890-911, December.
    71. Niu, Zhiyong & Zhou, Xiaoyan & Pei, Hongzhou, 2021. "Effect of perceived status of entrepreneur on firm's CSR behavior: Evidence from Chinese private enterprises survey," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    72. Muhammad Azam Roomi & José Manuel Saiz-Alvarez & Alicia Coduras, 2021. "Measuring Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Eco-Innovation: A Methodological Proposal for the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-15, April.
    73. Ana Tur-Porcar & Norat Roig-Tierno & Anna Llorca Mestre, 2018. "Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship and Business Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-12, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. José Alberto Martínez-González & Carmen Dolores Álvarez-Albelo & Javier Mendoza-Jiménez & Urszula Kobylinska, 2022. "Predicting the Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Starting Up a New Company: A Regional Study Using PLS-SEM and Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-25, February.
    2. Sadeghi, Ali & Kibler, Ewald, 2022. "Do bankruptcy laws matter for entrepreneurship? A Synthetic Control Method analysis of a bankruptcy reform in Finland," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 18(C).
    3. Vidina Tais Díaz-Padilla & Irena Travar & Zamira Acosta-Rubio & Eduardo Parra-López, 2023. "Tourism Competitiveness versus Sustainability: Impact on the World Economic Forum Model Using the Rasch Methodology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-18, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. José Alberto Martínez-González & Carmen Dolores Álvarez-Albelo & Javier Mendoza-Jiménez & Urszula Kobylinska, 2022. "Predicting the Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Starting Up a New Company: A Regional Study Using PLS-SEM and Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-25, February.
    2. José Alberto Martínez-González & Urszula Kobylinska & Francisco J. García-Rodríguez & Lukasz Nazarko, 2019. "Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention among Young People: Model and Regional Evidence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-29, December.
    3. Sofia Gomes & João Morais Lopes & José Oliveira & Márcio Oliveira & Tânia Santos & Marlene Sousa, 2021. "The Impact of Gender on Entrepreneurial Intention in a Peripheral Region of Europe: A Multigroup Analysis," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Brahim Gaies & Massimiliano Vesci & Chiara Crudele & Andrea Calabrò & Adnane Maalaoui, 2025. "Panta Rhei! Disentangling the temporal dynamics of nascent and future entrepreneurship," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 1-46, December.
    5. Rolf Sternberg, 2022. "Entrepreneurship and geography—some thoughts about a complex relationship," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 69(3), pages 559-584, December.
    6. David Urbano & David Audretsch & Sebastian Aparicio & Maria Noguera, 2020. "Does entrepreneurial activity matter for economic growth in developing countries? The role of the institutional environment," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 1065-1099, September.
    7. Ali, Abdul & Kelley, Donna J. & Levie, Jonathan, 2020. "Market-driven entrepreneurship and institutions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 117-128.
    8. Aparicio, Sebastian & Urbano, David & Audretsch, David, 2016. "Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 45-61.
    9. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Zaouali, Sana, 2022. "The effects of financial inclusion and the business environment in spurring the creation of early-stage firms and supporting established firms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1-15.
    10. Najmul Hoda & Naim Ahmad & Shankar Lal Gupta & Mohammad Mahtab Alam & Irfan Ahmad, 2021. "Application of Entrepreneurial Intention Model in Comparative International Entrepreneurship Research: A Cross-Cultural Study of India and Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-23, December.
    11. Li Huang & Xuchen Bai & Leilei Huang & Yangjie Huang & Guanshuang Han, 2023. "How Does College Students’ Entrepreneurial Learning Influence Entrepreneurial Intention: Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-19, June.
    12. Tubadji, Annie & Nijkamp, Peter & Santarelli, Enrico, 2017. "Shacklean Uncertainty and Cultural Embeddedness as Innovation Constraints in the UK," GLO Discussion Paper Series 111, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    13. Calza, Francesco & Cannavale, Chiara & Zohoorian Nadali, Iman, 2020. "How do cultural values influence entrepreneurial behavior of nations? A behavioral reasoning approach," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(5).
    14. Francisco Díez-Martín & Alicia Blanco-González & Giorgia Miotto, 2022. "The impact of state legitimacy on entrepreneurial activity," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 935-955, June.
    15. Laspita, Stavroula & Sitaridis, Ioannis & Kitsios, Fotis & Sarri, Katerina, 2023. "Founder or employee? The effect of social factors and the role of entrepreneurship education," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 155(PA).
    16. David Urbano & Sebastian Aparicio & David Audretsch, 2019. "Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what has been learned?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 21-49, June.
    17. Manocha, Parul & Hunt, Richard A. & Stallkamp, Maximilian & Townsend, David M., 2024. "A tale of two impacts: Entrepreneurial action and the gender-related effects of economic policy uncertainty," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 21(C).
    18. Gloria Leonor Ortiz Morales & Juan Carlos Ramos Aguilar & Katherin Yineth Lozada Morales, 2022. "Culture as an obstacle for entrepreneurship," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-14, December.
    19. Henda Omri & Anis Omri & Abdessalem Abbassi, 2024. "Macro-level determinants of entrepreneurial behavior and motivation," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 20(4), pages 2629-2667, December.
    20. Shirokova, G.V. & Bogatyreva, K.A. & Beliaeva, T.V. & Tsukanova, T.V. & Laskovaia, A.K., 2016. "Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey: The National Report (Russia)," Conference Papers 7031, Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg State University.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:9:y:2021:i:16:p:1838-:d:608136. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.