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Impacts of COVID-19 on urban rail transit ridership using the Synthetic Control Method

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  • Xin, Mengwei
  • Shalaby, Amer
  • Feng, Shumin
  • Zhao, Hu

Abstract

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has had drastic impacts on urban economies and activities, with transit systems around the world witnessing an unprecedented decline in ridership. This paper attempts to estimate the effect of COVID-19 on the daily ridership of urban rail transit (URT) using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM). Six variables are selected as the predictors, among which four variables unaffected by the pandemic are employed. A total of 22 cities from Asia, Europe, and the US with varying timelines of the pandemic outbreak are selected in this study. The effect of COVID-19 on the URT ridership in 11 cities in Asia is investigated using the difference between their observed ridership reduction and the potential ridership generated by the other 11 cities. Additionally, the effect of the system closure in Wuhan on ridership recovery is analyzed. A series of placebo tests are rolled out to confirm the significance of these analyses. Two traditional methods (causal impact analysis and straightforward analysis) are employed to illustrate the usefulness of the SCM. Most Chinese cities experienced about a 90% reduction in ridership with some variation among different cities. Seoul and Singapore experienced a minor decrease compared to Chinese cities. The results suggest that URT ridership reductions are associated with the severity and duration of restrictions and lockdowns. Full system closure can have severe impacts on the speed of ridership recovery following resumption of service, as demonstrated in the case of Wuhan with about 22% slower recovery. The results of this study can provide support for policymakers to monitor the URT ridership during the recovery period and understand the likely effects of system closure if considered in future emergency events.

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  • Xin, Mengwei & Shalaby, Amer & Feng, Shumin & Zhao, Hu, 2021. "Impacts of COVID-19 on urban rail transit ridership using the Synthetic Control Method," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 1-16.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:111:y:2021:i:c:p:1-16
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.07.006
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    7. Yuko Arai & Yukari Niwa & Takahiko Kusakabe & Kentaro Honma, 2023. "How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected wheelchair users? Time-series analysis of the number of railway passengers in Tokyo," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-13, December.
    8. Chen, Kong-Pin & Yang, Jui-Chung & Yang, Tzu-Ting, 2022. "JUE insight: Demand for transportation and spatial pattern of economic activity during the pandemic," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    9. Alfano, Vincenzo & Cicatiello, Lorenzo & Ercolano, Salvatore, 2023. "Assessing the effectiveness of mandatory outdoor mask policy: The natural experiment of Campania," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    10. Christidis, Panayotis & Navajas Cawood, Elena & Fiorello, Davide, 2022. "Challenges for urban transport policy after the Covid-19 pandemic: Main findings from a survey in 20 European cities," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 105-116.
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    12. Hannes Wallimann & Kevin Blattler & Widar von Arx, 2021. "Do price reductions attract customers in urban public transport? A synthetic control approach," Papers 2111.14613, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2022.
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    14. Zhang, Junyi & Hayashi, Yoshitsugu, 2022. "Research frontier of COVID-19 and passenger transport: A focus on policymaking," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 78-88.
    15. Ma, Zhiao & Yang, Xin & Wu, Jianjun & Chen, Anthony & Wei, Yun & Gao, Ziyou, 2022. "Measuring the resilience of an urban rail transit network: A multi-dimensional evaluation model," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 38-50.
    16. Ziedan, Abubakr & Lima, Luiz & Brakewood, Candace, 2023. "A multiple mediation analysis to untangle the impacts of COVID-19 on nationwide bus ridership in the United States," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).

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