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Human Capital, Productivity, and Stratification in Rural Pakistan

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  • Takashi Kurosaki
  • Humayun Khan

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of human capital on productivity using micro panel data of rural households in the North‐West Frontier Province, Pakistan, where a substantial job stratification is observed in terms of income and education. To clarify the mechanism underlying this stratification, the human capital effects are estimated for wages (individual level) and for self‐employed activities (household level), and for farm and non‐farm sectors. Estimation results show a clear contrast between farm and non‐farm sectors—wages and productivity in non‐farm activities rise with education at an increasing rate, whereas those in agriculture respond only to the primary education.

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  • Takashi Kurosaki & Humayun Khan, 2006. "Human Capital, Productivity, and Stratification in Rural Pakistan," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(1), pages 116-134, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:rdevec:v:10:y:2006:i:1:p:116-134
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00305.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sawada, Yasayuki & Lokshin, Michael, 2001. "Household schooling decisions in rural Pakistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2541, The World Bank.
    2. Takashi Kurosaki & Humayun Khan, 2004. "Effects of Human Capital on Farm and Non-Farm Productivity and Occupational Stratification in Rural Pakistan," Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series d04-46, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Xiumei Wang & Yongjian Huang & Yingying Zhao & Jingxuan Feng, 2023. "Digital Revolution and Employment Choice of Rural Labor Force: Evidence from the Perspective of Digital Skills," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-19, June.
    3. Jonna P. Estudillo & Tomoya Matsumoto & Hayat Chowdhury Zia Uddin & Nandika S. Kumanayake & Keijiro Otsuka, 2012. "Labor Markets, Occupational Choice, and Rural Poverty in Selected Countries in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa," World Bank Publications - Reports 12140, The World Bank Group.
    4. Ito, Takahiro, 2009. "Caste discrimination and transaction costs in the labor market: Evidence from rural North India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 292-300, March.
    5. Nasir Iqbal & Masood Sarwar Awan, 2015. "Determinants of Urban Poverty: The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 54(4), pages 719-738.
    6. Ahsan, Md Nazmul & Emran, M. Shahe & Shilpi, Forhad, 2024. "Complementarities and intergenerational educational mobility: Theory and evidence from Indonesia," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 170-191.
    7. Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu & Takeshi Aida & Ryuji Kasahara & Yasuyuki Sawada & Deeptha Wijerathna, 2014. "How Access to Irrigation Influences Poverty and Livelihoods: A Case Study from Sri Lanka," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(5), pages 748-768, May.
    8. Keijiro Otsuka & Jonna P. Estudillo & Takashi Yamano, 2010. "The Role of Labor Markets and Human Capital in Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Asia and Africa," Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), vol. 7(1), pages 23-40, June.
    9. Takashi Kurosaki, 2013. "Dynamics of Household Assets and Income Shocks in the Long-run Process of Economic Development: The Case of Rural Pakistan," Asian Development Review, MIT Press, vol. 30(2), pages 76-109, September.
    10. M. Shahe Emran & Fenohasina Maret-Rakotondrazaka & Stephen C. Smith, 2014. "Education and Freedom of Choice: Evidence from Arranged Marriages in Vietnam," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(4), pages 481-501, April.
    11. Jonna Estudillo & Tomoya Matsumoto & Chowdhury Zia Uddin Hayat & Nandika S. Kumanayake & Keijiro Otsuka, 2013. "Labor markets, occupational choice, and rural poverty in four Asian countries," Philippine Review of Economics, University of the Philippines School of Economics and Philippine Economic Society, vol. 50(1), pages 23-44, June.
    12. Awan, Masood Sarwar & Iqbal, Nasir & Muhammad, Waqas, 2011. "The impact of human capital on urban poverty: The case of Sargodha city," MPRA Paper 31829, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Takahiro Ito, 2009. "Education and Its Distributional Impacts on Living Standards," Global COE Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series gd09-080, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    14. Lubna Naz & Munir Ahmad & G.M Arif, 2018. "Estimating Food Demand System and Rural Household Welfare: A Case study from Pakistan," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 10(4), pages 55-82, December.
    15. Hoken, Hisatoshi, 2012. "Development of land rental market and its effect on household farming in rural China : an empirical study in Zhejiang Province," IDE Discussion Papers 323, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    16. Kurosaki, Takashi & Khan, Humayun, 2011. "Floods, Relief Aid, and Household Resilience in Rural Pakistan: Findings from a Pilot Survey in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa," Review of Agrarian Studies, Foundation for Agrarian Studies, vol. 1(2), December.
    17. Alvarado, Rafael, 2012. "Wages differentials in Ecuador: A regional approach with sample selection of Heckman and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition," MPRA Paper 37470, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali, 2013. "How access to irrigation influences poverty and livelihoods: a case study from Sri Lanka. Impact assessment of infrastructure projects on poverty reduction," IWMI Working Papers H045795, International Water Management Institute.
    19. Kazushi Takahashi & Keijiro Otsuka, 2009. "The increasing importance of nonfarm income and the changing use of labor and capital in rice farming: the case of Central Luzon, 1979–2003," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 40(2), pages 231-242, March.
    20. Xiayire Xiaokaiti & Hongli Zhang & Nan Jia, 2024. "The Impacts and Spatial Characteristics of High-Standard Farmland Construction on Agricultural Carbon Productivity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-19, February.
    21. Kurosaki, Takashi, 2013. "Dynamics of Household Assets and Income Shocks in the Long-run Process of Economic Development: The Case of Rural Pakistan," PRIMCED Discussion Paper Series 39, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    22. Awan, Masood Sarwar & Malik, Nouman & Sarwar, Haroon & Waqas, Muhammad, 2011. "Impact of education on poverty reduction," MPRA Paper 31826, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    23. Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum & Rakhshanda Kousar, 2021. "Gender in agriculture: Determinants of female labor supply decisions among rural households in the context of market imperfections in Pakistan," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 52(2), pages 235-248, March.

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