IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/annpce/v96y2025i1p149-170.html

Cooperatives’ level of vertical integration and farm financial performance amongst smallholder farmer‐members in Sri Lanka

Author

Listed:
  • Sanjaya Fernando
  • Elena Garnevska
  • Thiagarajah Ramilan
  • Nicola Shadbolt

Abstract

This paper assesses the impact of the level of cooperatives’ vertical integration on the financial performance of smallholder rice farmers in the North Central province, Sri Lanka. A sample of 309 smallholder rice farmers was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The sample represented 152 partially and 157 fully integrated smallholder rice farmers who are members of partially and fully vertically integrated cooperatives, respectively. The propensity score matching technique was applied to correct for potential selection biases. Three financial performance indicators: cost of production, operating profit and sales revenue have been used. Results show better financial performance for the farmers who are members of fully integrated cooperatives except for the cost of production. They receive higher operating profit and sales revenue than those farmers who are members of partially integrated cooperatives. However, the cost of production remains more comparable for both groups of farmers. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the smallholders can enhance their financial performance through cooperatives that are fully vertically integrated.

Suggested Citation

  • Sanjaya Fernando & Elena Garnevska & Thiagarajah Ramilan & Nicola Shadbolt, 2025. "Cooperatives’ level of vertical integration and farm financial performance amongst smallholder farmer‐members in Sri Lanka," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 96(1), pages 149-170, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:annpce:v:96:y:2025:i:1:p:149-170
    DOI: 10.1111/apce.12494
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12494
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/apce.12494?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Markus Reisinger & Emanuele Tarantino, 2015. "Vertical integration, foreclosure, and productive efficiency," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 46(3), pages 461-479, September.
    2. Lei Deng & Lei Chen & Jingjie Zhao & Ruimei Wang, 2021. "Comparative analysis on environmental and economic performance of agricultural cooperatives and smallholder farmers: The case of grape production in Hebei, China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(1), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Christopher Hansman & Jonas Hjort & Gianmarco León-Ciliotta & Matthieu Teachout, 2020. "Vertical Integration, Supplier Behavior, and Quality Upgrading among Exporters," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 128(9), pages 3570-3625.
    4. Huma Neupane & Krishna P. Paudel & Mandeep Adhikari & Qinying He, 2022. "Impact of cooperative membership on production efficiency of smallholder goat farmers in Nepal," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 93(2), pages 337-356, June.
    5. G. Tomas M. Hult & David J. Ketchen & Stanley F. Slater, 2005. "Market orientation and performance: an integration of disparate approaches," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(12), pages 1173-1181, December.
    6. Ali Sher & Saman Mazhar & Yuzhuo Qiu, 2024. "Toward sustainable agriculture: The impact of interest‐free credit on marketing decisions and technological progress in Pakistan," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 608-623, February.
    7. Julien Cadot, 2015. "Agency costs of vertical integration—the case of family firms, investor-owned firms and cooperatives in the French wine industry," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 46(2), pages 187-194, March.
    8. Florian Kaiser & Robert Obermaier, 2020. "Vertical (Dis‑)Integration and Firm Performance: A Management Paradigm Revisited," Schmalenbach Business Review, Springer;Schmalenbach-Gesellschaft, vol. 72(1), pages 1-37, February.
    9. Williamson, Oliver E, 1979. "Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractural Relations," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 22(2), pages 233-261, October.
    10. Viet Hoang & Vinh Nguyen, 2023. "Determinants of small farmers' participation in contract farming in developing countries: A study in Vietnam," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(3), pages 836-853, July.
    11. Jordaan, Henry & Grové, Bennie & Backeberg, Gerhard R., 2014. "Conceptual framework for value chain analysis for poverty alleviation among smallholder farmers," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 53(01), February.
    12. Heath Henderson & Alan G. Isaac, 2017. "Modern Value Chains and the Organization of Agrarian Production," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 99(2), pages 379-400.
    13. Martin Desrochers & Klaus P. Fischer, 2005. "The Power of Networks: Integration and Financial Cooperative Performance," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(3), pages 307-354, September.
    14. Ashok Mishra & Christine Wilson & Robert Williams, 2009. "Factors affecting financial performance of new and beginning farmers," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 69(2), pages 160-179, July.
    15. M. den Ouden & Aalt A. Dijkhuizen & Ruud B.M. Huirne & Peter J.P. Zuurbier, 1996. "Vertical cooperation in agricultural production-marketing chains, with special reference to product differentiation in pork," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(3), pages 277-290.
    16. Klein, Benjamin & Crawford, Robert G & Alchian, Armen A, 1978. "Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 21(2), pages 297-326, October.
    17. Kularatne Mohottala Gedara & Clevo Wilson & Sean Pascoe & Tim Robinson, 2012. "Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Village Reservoir Irrigation Systems of Sri Lanka," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 63(3), pages 627-638, September.
    18. Cristina Salvioni & Roberto Henke & Francesco Vanni, 2020. "The Impact of Non-Agricultural Diversification on Financial Performance: Evidence from Family Farms in Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-14, January.
    19. Morris Akiri & Fredrick Mbugua & Rahab Njunge & Charles Agwanda & Negussie E. Gurmessa & Noah A. Phiri & Richard Musebe & Jean Pierre Kalisa & Bellancile Uzayisenga & Monica K. Kansiime & Daniel Karan, 2024. "Intervention Options for Enhancing Smallholder Compliance with Regulatory and Market Standards for High-Value Fruits and Vegetables in Rwanda and Zambia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-21, July.
    20. Maertens, Miet & Swinnen, Johan F.M., 2009. "Trade, Standards, and Poverty: Evidence from Senegal," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 161-178, January.
    21. Abebaw, Degnet & Haile, Mekbib G., 2013. "The impact of cooperatives on agricultural technology adoption: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 82-91.
    22. S.M.P.Senanayake & S.P. Premaratne, 2016. "An analysis of the paddy/rice value chains in Sri Lanka," ASARC Working Papers 2016-04, The Australian National University, Australia South Asia Research Centre.
    23. Reardon, Thomas & Barrett, Christopher B. & Berdegué, Julio A. & Swinnen, Johan F.M., 2009. "Agrifood Industry Transformation and Small Farmers in Developing Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 37(11), pages 1717-1727, November.
    24. Fabian J. Sting & Christoph H. Loch, 2016. "Implementing Operations Strategy: How Vertical and Horizontal Coordination Interact," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 25(7), pages 1177-1193, July.
    25. Zhijun Chen, 2024. "Vertical Integration and Rent Extraction: Lessons from the Dairy Industry," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, vol. 25(1), pages 117-141, May.
    26. Shelanski, Howard A & Klein, Peter G, 1995. "Empirical Research in Transaction Cost Economics: A Review and Assessment," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 11(2), pages 335-361, October.
    27. E. Veselská, 2005. "The process of vertical coordination and its consequences within the beer commodity chain," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 51(9), pages 419-426.
    28. Dzung Dao Dong & Masahiro Moritaka & Ran Liu & Susumu Fukuda, 2020. "Restructuring toward a modernized agro-food value chain through vertical integration and contract farming: the swine-to-pork industry in Vietnam," Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 10(5), pages 493-510, June.
    29. Carl Shapiro, 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 20(1), pages 125-137, Spring.
    30. Aditya R. Khanal & Ashok K. Mishra, 2016. "Financial performance of small farm business households: the role of internet," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 8(4), pages 553-571, November.
    31. Wanglin Ma & Hongyun Zheng & Yueji Zhu & Jianling Qi, 2022. "Effects of cooperative membership on financial performance of banana farmers in China: A heterogeneous analysis," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 93(1), pages 5-27, March.
    32. repec:ags:ijag24:345268 is not listed on IDEAS
    33. Wanglin Ma & Awudu Abdulai, 2017. "The economic impacts of agricultural cooperatives on smallholder farmers in rural China," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(4), pages 537-551, September.
    34. Guiyan Ao & Qiang Liu & Li Qin & Minghao Chen & Shuai Liu & Weiguang Wu, 2021. "Organization model, vertical integration, and farmers’ income growth: Empirical evidence from large-scale farmers in Lin’an, China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(6), pages 1-18, June.
    35. Kuijpers, Rob, 2020. "Integrated Value Chain Development: Evidence from Bangladesh," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    36. Christopher, Martin, 1993. "Logistics and competitive strategy," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 258-261, June.
    37. Dongli Zhang, 2013. "The Revival of Vertical Integration: Strategic Choice and Performance Influences," Journal of Management and Strategy, Journal of Management and Strategy, Sciedu Press, vol. 4(1), pages 1-14, February.
    38. Hansmann, Henry, 1988. "Ownership of the Firm," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 4(2), pages 267-304, Fall.
    39. Ted C. Schroeder, 1992. "Economies of Scale and Scope for Agricultural Supply and Marketing Cooperatives," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 14(1), pages 93-103.
    40. Olasunkanmi M. Bamiro & Adebayo M. Shittu, 2009. "Vertical integration and cost behavior in poultry industry in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(1), pages 1-15.
    41. George Hendrikse & Jos Bijman, 2002. "Ownership Structure in Agrifood Chains: The Marketing Cooperative," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 84(1), pages 104-119.
    42. Chagwiza, Clarietta & Muradian, Roldan & Ruben, Ruerd, 2016. "Cooperative membership and dairy performance among smallholders in Ethiopia," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 165-173.
    43. Neda Trifković, 2016. "Vertical coordination and farm performance: evidence from the catfish sector in Vietnam," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 47(5), pages 547-557, September.
    44. Wanglin Ma & Awudu Abdulai & Renan Goetz, 2018. "Agricultural Cooperatives and Investment in Organic Soil Amendments and Chemical Fertilizer in China," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 100(2), pages 502-520.
    45. Ma, Wanglin & Zhou, Xiaoshi & Boansi, David & Horlu, Godwin Seyram Agbemavor & Owusu, Victor, 2024. "Adoption and intensity of agricultural mechanization and their impact on non-farm employment of rural women," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    46. Awal Abdul‐Rahaman & Awudu Abdulai, 2020. "Vertical coordination mechanisms and farm performance amongst smallholder rice farmers in northern Ghana," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(2), pages 259-280, April.
    47. Benmehaia, Amine M. & Brabez, Fatima, . "An Empirical Analysis of Vertical Integration Determinants among Peasant Farmers in Northern Algeria," International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development (IJAMAD), Iranian Association of Agricultural Economics, vol. 7(2).
    48. Fabio R. Chaddad & Michael L. Cook, 2004. "Understanding New Cooperative Models: An Ownership–Control Rights Typology," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 26(3), pages 348-360.
    49. Richard L. Kilmer, 1986. "Vertical Integration in Agricultural and Food Marketing," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 68(5), pages 1155-1160.
    50. Jeffrey J. Reimer, 2006. "Vertical Integration in the Pork Industry," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 88(1), pages 234-248.
    51. H. S. Rohitha Rosairo & Michael C. Lyne & Sandra K. Martin & Kevin Moore, 2012. "Factors Affecting the Performance of Farmer Companies in Sri Lanka: Lessons for Farmer‐Owned Marketing Firms," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 505-517, September.
    52. Tray, Bunthan & Garnevska, Elena & Shadbolt, Nicola, . "Linking smallholder producers to high-value markets through vegetable producer cooperatives in Cambodia," International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, vol. 24(6).
    53. Kilmer, Richard L., 1986. "Vertical Integration In Agricultural And Food Marketing," 1986 Annual Meeting, July 27-30, Reno, Nevada 278083, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    54. Eti Kusmiati & Dian Masyita & Erie Febrian & Martha Fani Cahyandito, 2023. "A study on the determinants of successful performance of Indonesian cooperatives," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 50(9), pages 1285-1301, March.
    55. Viet Hoang, 2021. "Impact of Contract Farming on Farmers’ Income in the Food Value Chain: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Study in Vietnam," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, August.
    56. Biggeri, Mario & Burchi, Francesco & Ciani, Federico & Herrmann, Raoul, 2018. "Linking small-scale farmers to the durum wheat value chain in Ethiopia: Assessing the effects on production and wellbeing," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 77-91.
    57. Fabio R. Chaddad & Michael L. Cook, 2004. "Understanding New Cooperative Models: An Ownership–Control Rights Typology," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 26(3), pages 348-360.
    58. Ashok Mishra & Christine Wilson & Robert Williams, 2009. "Factors affecting financial performance of new and beginning farmers," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 69(2), pages 160-179, July.
    59. Fischer, Elisabeth & Qaim, Matin, 2012. "Linking Smallholders to Markets: Determinants and Impacts of Farmer Collective Action in Kenya," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(6), pages 1255-1268.
    60. Henry Jordaan & Bennie Grové & Gerhard R. Backeberg, 2014. "Conceptual framework for value chain analysis for poverty alleviation among smallholder farmers," Agrekon, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(1), pages 1-25, March.
    61. Zoltán Bakucs & Imre Fertő & Gábor G. Szabó, 2012. "Benefits of a marketing cooperative in transition agriculture: Mórakert purchasing and service co-operative," Society and Economy, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, vol. 34(3), pages 453-468, September.
    62. Aditya R. Khanal & Ashok K. Mishra, 2016. "Financial performance of small farm business households: the role of internet," China Agricultural Economic Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 8(4), pages 553-571, November.
    63. Marco Caliendo & Sabine Kopeinig, 2008. "Some Practical Guidance For The Implementation Of Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 31-72, February.
    64. Jasper GRASHUIS & Ye SU, 2019. "A Review Of The Empirical Literature On Farmer Cooperatives: Performance, Ownership And Governance, Finance, And Member Attitude," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 90(1), pages 77-102, March.
    65. Fulton, Joan R. & Popp, Michael P. & Gray, Carolyn, 1996. "Strategic Alliance and Joint Venture Agreements in Grain Marketing Cooperatives," Journal of Cooperatives, NCERA-210, vol. 11, pages 1-15.
    66. Ming-Feng Hsieh & Yir-Hueih Luh, 2022. "Is Contract Farming with Modern Distributors Partnership for Higher Returns? Analysis of Rice Farm Households in Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-16, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yuxin Liu & Lihan Cao & Runqi Guo & Eryang Liu, 2025. "What factors influence the vertical integration of agricultural cooperatives?—Evidence from 500 cooperatives in Heilongjiang, China," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 96(3), pages 543-570, September.
    2. Meng-Fen Yen & Yuh-Yuh Li & Mario Miranda, 2025. "Leverage, Liquidity, and Agricultural Cooperative Profitability," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 31(1), pages 45-60, May.
    3. Yan Liu & Elena Garnevska & Nicola Shadbolt, 2025. "The Role of Agriculture Cooperatives in Green Agri-Food Value Chains in China: Cases in Shandong Province," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-18, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fang Wu & Xibao Guo & Xia Guo, 2023. "Cooperative membership and new technology adoption of family farms: Evidence from China," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(3), pages 719-739, September.
    2. Ahmet Candemir & Sabine Duvaleix & Laure Latruffe, 2021. "Agricultural Cooperatives And Farm Sustainability – A Literature Review," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(4), pages 1118-1144, September.
    3. Kifle T. Sebhatu & Fatemeh Taheri & Tekeste Berhanu & Miet Maertens & Steven Van Passel & Marijke D'Haese, 2021. "Beyond focus: Exploring variability of service provision of agricultural cooperatives," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 92(2), pages 207-231, June.
    4. Wanglin Ma & Sanghyun Hong & W. Robert Reed & Jianhua Duan & Phong Luu, 2023. "Yield effects of agricultural cooperative membership in developing countries: A meta‐analysis," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(3), pages 761-780, September.
    5. Jasper GRASHUIS & Ye SU, 2019. "A Review Of The Empirical Literature On Farmer Cooperatives: Performance, Ownership And Governance, Finance, And Member Attitude," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 90(1), pages 77-102, March.
    6. Abdul-Rahaman, Awal & Abdulai, Awudu, 2018. "Do farmer groups impact on farm yield and efficiency of smallholder farmers? Evidence from rice farmers in northern Ghana," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 95-105.
    7. Jasper Grashuis & Theodoros Skevas, 2023. "What is the benefit of membership in farm producer organizations? The case of coffee producers in Peru," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 94(2), pages 423-443, June.
    8. Liu, Y., 2018. "Determinants and impacts of marketing channel choice among cooperatives members: Evidence from agricultural cooperative in China," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 275898, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    9. John N. Ng'ombe & Thomson H. Kalinda & Kwabena Nyarko Addai & Cynthia Chibebe, 2025. "Does dairy cooperative membership improve food and nutrition security among rural farmers? A micro‐perspective from Zambia," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 96(1), pages 121-148, March.
    10. Hery Toiba & Moh Shadiqur Rahman & Rachman Hartono & Dwi Retnoningsih, 2024. "Improving dairy farmers’ welfare in Indonesia: Does cooperative membership matter?," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 95(4), pages 1003-1019, December.
    11. Ma, Wanglin & Renwick, Alan & Yuan, Peng & Ratna, Nazmun, 2018. "Agricultural cooperative membership and technical efficiency of apple farmers in China: An analysis accounting for selectivity bias," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 122-132.
    12. Hao, Jinghui & Bijman, Jos & Gardebroek, Cornelis & Heerink, Nico & Heijman, Wim & Huo, Xuexi, 2018. "Cooperative membership and farmers’ choice of marketing channels – Evidence from apple farmers in Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces, China," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 53-64.
    13. Abebayehu Girma Geffersa & Md. Monirul Islam, 2026. "Beyond subsistence? The role of rural cooperatives in driving smallholder commercialization in Ethiopia," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(1), pages 271-295, January.
    14. Awal Abdul‐Rahaman & Gazali Issahaku & Wanglin Ma, 2023. "Agrifood system participation and production efficiency among smallholder vegetable farmers in Northern Ghana," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(3), pages 812-835, July.
    15. Kuijpers, Rob, 2020. "Integrated Value Chain Development: Evidence from Bangladesh," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    16. Theo Benos & Nikos Kalogeras & Martin Wetzels & Ko De Ruyter & Joost M. E. Pennings, 2018. "Harnessing a ‘Currency Matrix’ for Performance Measurement in Cooperatives: A Multi-Phased Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-38, December.
    17. Jos BIJMAN & Markus HANISCH, 2020. "Understanding the heterogeneity among agricultural cooperatives," CIRIEC Working Papers 2013, CIRIEC - Université de Liège.
    18. Abebayehu Girma Geffersa, 2024. "Does cooperative membership enhance inorganic fertilizer use intensity? Panel data evidence from maize farmers in Ethiopia," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 95(2), pages 327-361, June.
    19. Hossain, Marup & Mendiratta, Vibhuti & Mabiso, Athur & Songsermsawas, Tisorn, 2025. "Training, credit, and infrastructure for improving market access among small-scale producers in the Philippines," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    20. Gezahegn, Tafesse & Van Passel, Steven & Berhanu, Tekeste & D'Haese, Marijke & Maertens, Miet, 2020. "Structural and Institutional Heterogeneity among Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia: Does it Matter for Farmers’ Welfare?," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 46(2), August.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:annpce:v:96:y:2025:i:1:p:149-170. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1370-4788 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.