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Blockchain without Waste: Proof-of-Stake
[Proof of Work vs Proof of Stake]

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Agur, Itai & Lavayssière, Xavier & Villegas Bauer, Germán & Deodoro, Jose & Martinez Peria, Soledad & Sandri, Damiano & Tourpe, Hervé, 2023. "Lessons from crypto assets for the design of energy efficient digital currencies," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
  2. Ben Omrane, Walid & Saadi, Samir & Savaser, Tanseli, 2024. "Sustainable energy practices and cryptocurrency market behavior," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
  3. Allen, Franklin & Barbalau, Adelina, 2024. "Security design: A review," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
  4. Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2023. "Female unemployment, mobile money innovations and doing business by females," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-26, December.
  5. Joel Hasbrouck & Thomas J. Rivera & Fahad Saleh, 2026. "An Economic Model of a Decentralized Exchange with Concentrated Liquidity," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 72(5), pages 3666-3683, May.
  6. Daniel Eidan & Jon Frost & Rudraksh Kansal & Ulf Lewrick & Sang Hyuk Lim & Tomasz Rybarczyk, 2026. "Blockchain consensus mechanisms and fragmentation," BIS Bulletins 126, Bank for International Settlements.
  7. Stefan Scharnowski & Hossein Jahanshahloo, 2025. "The Economics of Liquid Staking Derivatives: Basis Determinants and Price Discovery," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 45(2), pages 91-117, February.
  8. Xia Chen & Qiang Cheng & Ting Luo, 2024. "The Economic Value of Blockchain Applications: Early Evidence from Asset-Backed Securities," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(1), pages 439-463, January.
  9. Simplice A. Asongu & Peter Agyemang-Mintah & Joseph Nnanna & Yolande E. Ngoungou, 2024. "Mobile money innovations, income inequality and gender inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, December.
  10. Marco Lambrecht & Andis Sofianos & Yilong Xu, 2025. "Does Mining Fuel Bubbles? An Experimental Study on Cryptocurrency Markets," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 71(3), pages 1865-1888, March.
  11. Chen, Ka-Hin & Lai, Tze Leung & Liu, Qingfu & Wang, Chuanjie, 2022. "Beyond the blockchain announcement: Signaling credibility and market reaction," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  12. Vlachou, Maria & Konstantakis, Konstantinos N. & Drivas, Kyriakos & Michaelides, Panayotis G., 2026. "Cryptocurrencies, technological and market activities: Tango for three?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
  13. Ferreira, Daniel & Li, Jin & Nikolowa, Radoslawa, 2023. "Corporate capture of blockchain governance," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115618, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  14. Jinyan Guo & Qevan Guo & Chenchen Mou & Jingguo Zhang, 2024. "A mean field game model of staking system," Digital Finance, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 441-462, September.
  15. Jingxing (Rowena) Gan & Gerry Tsoukalas & Serguei Netessine, 2023. "Decentralized Platforms: Governance, Tokenomics, and ICO Design," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6667-6683, November.
  16. Michael Sockin & Wei Xiong, 2021. "A Model of Cryptocurrencies," Working Papers 2021-67, Princeton University. Economics Department..
  17. Asongu, Simplice A. & Ngoungou, Yolande E. & Nnanna, Joseph, 2023. "Mobile money innovations and health performance in sub-Saharan Africa," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  18. Rodney J. Garratt & Maarten R. C. van Oordt, 2023. "Why Fixed Costs Matter for Proof-of-Work–Based Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6482-6507, November.
  19. Wenpin Tang, 2022. "Stability of shares in the Proof of Stake Protocol -- Concentration and Phase Transitions," Papers 2206.02227, arXiv.org.
  20. Bruno Biais & Agostino Capponi & Lin William Cong & Vishal Gaur & Kay Giesecke, 2023. "Advances in Blockchain and Crypto Economics," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6417-6426, November.
  21. Gang Kou & Yang Lu, 2025. "FinTech: a literature review of emerging financial technologies and applications," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 11(1), pages 1-34, December.
  22. Hinzen, Franz J. & John, Kose & Saleh, Fahad, 2022. "Bitcoin’s limited adoption problem," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(2), pages 347-369.
  23. Yulin Liu & Luyao Zhang, 2022. "Cryptocurrency Valuation: An Explainable AI Approach," Papers 2201.12893, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2023.
  24. Jongsub Lee & Tao Li & Donghwa Shin, 2022. "The Wisdom of Crowds in FinTech: Evidence from Initial Coin Offerings," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 11(1), pages 1-46.
  25. Alon Benhaim & Brett H. Falk & Gerry Tsoukalas, 2023. "Scaling Blockchains: Can Committee-Based Consensus Help?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6525-6539, November.
  26. Matteo Benetton & Giovanni Compiani, 2024. "Investors’ Beliefs and Cryptocurrency Prices," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 14(2), pages 197-236.
  27. Adel BOGARI, 2026. "Economic tokenization: a bibliometric analysis of intellectual and conceptual foundations," Access Journal, Access Press Publishing House, vol. 7(2), pages 244-276, March.
  28. Pavel Ciaian & Andrej Cupak & Pirmin Fessler & d'Artis Kancs, 2022. "Environmental-Social-Governance Preferences and Investments in Crypto-Assets (Pavel Ciaian, Andrej Cupak, Pirmin Fessler, d’Artis Kancs)," Working Papers 243, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
  29. Lashkaripour, Mohammadhossein & Hosseini, Seyedmehdi & Basirian, Elnaz & Bouri, Elie, 2025. "The path to sustainable Bitcoin mining: Challenges and barriers," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
  30. Stefan Scharnowski & Yanghua Shi, 2026. "Bitcoin Blackout: Proof-of-Work and the Risks of Mining Centralization," Working Papers EMS_2026_08, Research Institute, International University of Japan.
  31. John, Kose & Monnot, Barnabé & Mueller, Peter & Saleh, Fahad & Schwarz-Schilling, Caspar, 2025. "Economics of Ethereum," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  32. Mosa Motea & Pius Oba, 2026. "Who governs the ledger: rethinking blockchain governance through democratic innovation," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
  33. Michael Sockin & Wei Xiong, 2023. "A Model of Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6684-6707, November.
  34. Abhimanyu Nag, 2025. "On Sybil Proofness in Competitive Combinatorial Exchanges," Papers 2512.10203, arXiv.org.
  35. Chod, Jiri & Lyandres, Evgeny, 2023. "Product market competition with crypto tokens and smart contracts," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(1), pages 73-91.
  36. Rainer Alt & Max Gräser, 2025. "Distributed ledger technology," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 35(1), pages 1-19, December.
  37. Raskin, Max & Saleh, Fahad & Yermack, David, 2024. "How do private digital currencies affect government policy?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
  38. Alexandre Olbrecht & Gina Pieters, 2023. "Crypto-Currencies and Crypto-Assets: An Introduction," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 49(2), pages 201-205, April.
  39. Hans Rawhouser & Silvio Vismara & Nir Kshetri, 2024. "Blockchain and vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(1-2), pages 10-35, January.
  40. Christian M. Hafner & Sabrine Majeri, 2022. "Analysis of cryptocurrency connectedness based on network to transaction volume ratios," Digital Finance, Springer, vol. 4(2), pages 187-216, September.
  41. Lee, Geul & Ryu, Doojin, 2025. "Fear of missing out and cryptocurrency miners: Evidence from Dogecoin and Litecoin," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C).
  42. Drăgan, George Bogdan & Ben Arfi, Wissal & Tiberius, Victor & Ammari, Aymen & Khvatova, Tatiana, 2025. "Navigating the green wave: Understanding behavioral antecedents of sustainable cryptocurrency investment," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
  43. Auer, Raphael & Monnet, Cyril & Shin, Hyun Song, 2025. "Distributed ledgers and the governance of money," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  44. Asongu, Simplice A. & le Roux, Sara, 2023. "The role of mobile money innovations in transforming unemployed women to self-employed women in sub-Saharan Africa," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  45. Wang, Jying-Nan & Vigne, Samuel A. & Liu, Hung-Chun & Hsu, Yuan-Teng, 2024. "Divergent jump characteristics in brown and green cryptocurrencies: The role of energy-related uncertainty," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
  46. Iklim Gedik Balay & Nuri Celik, 2026. "Understanding return variation in crypto assets: a functional ANOVA approach," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
  47. Akaki Mamageishvili & Benny Sudakov, 2025. "The Cost of Secure Restaking vs. Proof-of-Stake," Papers 2505.24440, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2026.
  48. Pavel Ciaian & Andrej Cupak & Pirmin Fessler & d’Artis Kancs, 2022. "Environmental and Social Preferences and Investments in Crypto-Assets," JRC Research Reports JRC129919, Joint Research Centre.
  49. Gabriel Mathy, 2023. "Eliminating Environmental Costs to Proof-of-Work-Based Cryptocurrencies: A Proposal," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, vol. 49(2), pages 206-220, April.
  50. Wenpin Tang & David D. Yao, 2022. "Trading under the Proof-of-Stake Protocol -- a Continuous-Time Control Approach," Papers 2207.12581, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2023.
  51. Chen, Meichen & Qin, Cong & Zhang, Xiaoyu, 2022. "Cryptocurrency price discrepancies under uncertainty: Evidence from COVID-19 and lockdown nexus," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
  52. Liu, Wei-Jen & Chiu, Wei-Yu & Hua, Weiqi, 2024. "Blockchain-enabled renewable energy certificate trading: A secure and privacy-preserving approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
  53. Wenpin Tang, 2023. "Trading and wealth evolution in the Proof of Stake protocol," Papers 2308.01803, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
  54. Katrin Tinn, 2026. "A Theory Model of Digital Currency with Asymmetric Privacy," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 72(5), pages 3699-3719, May.
  55. Benedetti, Hugo & Rodríguez-Garnica, Gabriel, 2025. "Does what happens on-chain stays on-chain? The dynamics of blockchain token transactions and prices," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
  56. Harvey, Campbell R. & Hasbrouck, Joel & Saleh, Fahad, 2026. "The evolution of decentralized exchange: Risks, benefits, and oversight," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(3).
  57. Garud Iyengar & Fahad Saleh & Jay Sethuraman & Wenjun Wang, 2023. "Economics of Permissioned Blockchain Adoption," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(6), pages 3415-3436, June.
  58. Wang, Jiaxin & Huang, Xiang & Gu, Qiankun & Song, Zilong & Sun, Ruiyi, 2023. "How does fintech affect bank risk? A perspective based on financialized transfer of government implicit debt risk," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
  59. Mikhail Perepelitsa, 2026. "The Financialization of Proof-of-Stake: Asymptotic Centralization under Exogenous Risk Premiums," Papers 2604.26076, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2026.
  60. Jin, Minyue & Zhang, Xinxin & Yue, Xiaohang & Zuo, Qianzhou & Nie, Jiajia, 2025. "Consensus mechanism selection in Web 3.0 blockchain platforms: Proof of Work vs. Proof of Stake," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
  61. Joel Hasbrouck & Julian Ma & Fahad Saleh & Caspar Schwarz-Schilling, 2026. "Market Inefficiency in Cryptoasset Markets," Papers 2602.20771, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2026.
  62. Mikhail Perepelitsa, 2026. "Bubbles vs. Baselines: Token Valuation and Institutional Capital in PoS Networks under EIP-1559," Papers 2606.07445, arXiv.org.
  63. Gehrlein, Jonas & Miebs, Grzegorz & Brunelli, Matteo & Kadziński, Miłosz, 2023. "An active preference learning approach to aid the selection of validators in blockchain environments," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
  64. Joshua S. Gans & Hanna Halaburda, 2024. "“Zero Cost” Majority Attacks on Permissionless Proof of Work Blockchains," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(6), pages 4155-4165, June.
  65. Choi, Hyung-Eun, 2025. "Transition to proof-of-stake and informed trading," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  66. Garud Iyengar & Fahad Saleh & Jay Sethuraman & Wenjun Wang, 2024. "Blockchain Adoption in a Supply Chain with Manufacturer Market Power," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(9), pages 6158-6178, September.
  67. Cyril Monnet & Hyun Song Shin & Jon Frost & Leonardo Gambacorta & Raphael Auer & Tara Rice, 2022. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: Motives, Economic Implications, and the Research Frontier," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 697-721, August.
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