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How to Design a Contingent Convertible Debt Requirement That Helps Solve Our Too-Big-to-Fail Problem
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Blog mentions
As found by EconAcademics.org, the blog aggregator for Economics research:- Living Wills or Phoenix Plans: Making sure banks can rise from their ashes
by Steve Cecchetti and Kim Schoenholtz in Money, Banking and Financial Markets on 2014-10-13 17:28:10
Citations
Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
Cited by:
- Mark J. Flannery, 2016. "Stabilizing Large Financial Institutions with Contingent Capital Certificates," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 6(02), pages 1-26, June.
- Berger, Allen N. & Öztekin, Özde & Roman, Raluca A., 2023. "Geographic deregulation and bank capital structure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
- Yann Braouezec & Lakshithe Wagalath, 2018. "Risk-Based Capital Requirements and Optimal Liquidation in a Stress Scenario [Testing macroprudential stress tests: the risk of regulatory risk weights]," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 22(2), pages 747-782.
- Pierluigi Bologna & Arianna Miglietta & Anatoli Segura, 2020.
"Contagion in the CoCos Market? A Case Study of Two Stress Events,"
International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 16(6), pages 137-184, December.
- Pierluigi Bologna & Arianna Miglietta & Anatoli Segura, 2018. "Contagion in the CoCos market? A case study of two stress events," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1201, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
- Daniël Vullings, 2016. "Contingent convertible bonds with floating coupon payments: fixing the equilibrium problem," DNB Working Papers 517, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
- Mike Derksen & Peter Spreij & Sweder Van Wijnbergen, 2022.
"ACCOUNTING NOISE AND THE PRICING OF CoCos,"
International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 25(07n08), pages 1-60, November.
- Mike Derksen & Peter Spreij & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2018. "Accounting Noise and the Pricing of CoCos," Papers 1804.06890, arXiv.org.
- Mike Derksen & Peter Spreij & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2018. "Accounting Noise and the Pricing of Cocos," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 18-037/VI, Tinbergen Institute.
- van Wijnbergen, Sweder & Spreij, Peter & Derksen, Mike, 2018. "Accounting Noise and the Pricing of Cocos," CEPR Discussion Papers 12869, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Lionel Melin & Ahyan Panjwani, 2024. "Optimal Design of Contingent Capital," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2024-051, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Goncharenko, Roman & Ongena, Steven & Rauf, Asad, 2021.
"The agency of CoCos: Why contingent convertible bonds are not for everyone,"
Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).
- Ongena, Steven & Goncharenko, Roman & Rauf, Asad, 2018. "The Agency of CoCos: Why Contingent Convertible Bonds Aren't for Everyone," CEPR Discussion Papers 13344, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Roman Goncharenko & Steven Ongena & Asad Rauf, 2019. "The Agency of CoCos: Why Contingent Convertible Bonds Aren't for Everyone," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series 19-43, Swiss Finance Institute.
- Douglas Davis & Edward Simpson Prescott, 2017.
"Fixed Prices and Regulatory Discretion as Triggers for Contingent Capital Conversion: An Experimental Examination,"
International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 13(2), pages 33-71, June.
- Douglas Davis & Edward Simpson Prescott, 2015. "Fixed Prices and Regulatory Discretion as Triggers for Contingent Capital Conversion: An Experimental Examination," Working Paper 15-2, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
- Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo & Charles Mallans Rambo & Charles Misiko Wafula, 2020. "Contingent capital and performance of hydroelectric energy projects in Kenya," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 9(6), pages 134-142, October.
- Bulow, Jeremy & Klemperer, Paul, 2014.
"Equity Recourse Notes: Creating Counter-cyclical Bank Capital,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
10213, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Bulow, Jeremy & Klemperer, Paul, 2014. "Equity Recourse Notes: Creating Counter-Cyclical Bank Capital," Research Papers 3098, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business.
- Heller, Yuval & Peleg Lazar, Sharon & Raviv, Alon, 2022.
"Banks’ risk taking and creditors’ bargaining power,"
Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
- Heller, Yuval & Peleg Lazar, Sharon & Raviv, Alon, 2019. "Banks Risk Taking and Creditors Bargaining Power," MPRA Paper 91381, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Viral V. Acharya & Hanh T. Le & Hyun Song Shin, 2017.
"Bank Capital and Dividend Externalities,"
The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(3), pages 988-1018.
- Viral V. Acharya & Hanh Le & Hyun Song Shin, 2013. "Bank Capital and Dividend Externalities," NBER Working Papers 19707, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Shin, Hyun Song & Acharya, Viral & Le, Hanh, 2014. "Bank Capital and Dividend Externalities," CEPR Discussion Papers 9865, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Shin, Hyun Song & Acharya, Viral & Le, Hanh, 2013. "Bank Capital and Dividend Externalities," CEPR Discussion Papers 9479, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Viral Acharya & Hanh Le & Hyun Song Shin, 2016. "Bank capital and dividend externalities," BIS Working Papers 580, Bank for International Settlements.
- Charles W. Calomiris & Urooj Khan, 2015. "An Assessment of TARP Assistance to Financial Institutions," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 29(2), pages 53-80, Spring.
- Himmelberg, Charles P. & Tsyplakov, Sergey, 2020. "Optimal terms of contingent capital, incentive effects, and capital structure dynamics," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
- Michael Sigmund & Kevin Zimmermann, 2021. "Determinants of Contingent Convertible Bond Coupon Rates of Banks: An Empirical Analysis (Michael Sigmund, Kevin Zimmermann)," Working Papers 236, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
- Avdjiev, Stefan & Bogdanova, Bilyana & Bolton, Patrick & Jiang, Wei & Kartasheva, Anastasia, 2020.
"CoCo issuance and bank fragility,"
Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(3), pages 593-613.
- Bolton, Patrick & Avdjiev, Stefan & Bogdanova, Bilyana & Jiang, Wei & Kartasheva, Anastasia, 2017. "CoCo Issuance and Bank Fragility," CEPR Discussion Papers 12418, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Stefan Avdjiev & Bilyana Bogdanova & Patrick Bolton & Wei Jiang & Anastasia Kartasheva, 2017. "CoCo Issuance and Bank Fragility," NBER Working Papers 23999, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Stefan Avdjiev & Bilyana Bogdanova & Patrick Bolton & Wei Jiang & Anastasia Kartasheva, 2017. "CoCo issuance and bank fragility," BIS Working Papers 678, Bank for International Settlements.
- Stephanie Chan & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2016. "Coco Design, Risk Shifting Incentives and Capital Regulation," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 16-007/VI, Tinbergen Institute, revised 13 Nov 2017.
- Gupta, Aparna & Wang, Runzu & Lu, Yueliang, 2021. "Addressing systemic risk using contingent convertible debt – A network analysis," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 290(1), pages 263-277.
- Martynova, Natalya & Perotti, Enrico, 2018.
"Convertible bonds and bank risk-taking,"
Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 35(PB), pages 61-80.
- Natalya Martynova & Enrico Perotti, 2012. "Convertible Bonds and Bank Risk-Taking," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 12-106/IV/DSF41, Tinbergen Institute, revised 10 Oct 2016.
- Martynova, Natalya & Perotti, Enrico C., 2018. "Convertible bonds and bank risk-taking," Discussion Papers 24/2018, Deutsche Bundesbank.
- Consiglio, Andrea & Zenios, Stavros A., 2015. "The Case for Contingent Convertible Debt for Sovereignst," Working Papers 15-13, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
- Herring, Richard J., 2017. "International Coordination of FInancial Supervision: Why Has It Grown? Will It Be Sustained?," Working Papers 17-04, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
- Kupiec, Paul H., 2016.
"Will TLAC regulations fix the G-SIB too-big-to-fail problem?,"
Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 158-169.
- Paul H. Kupiec, 2015. "Will TLAC regulations fix the G-SIB too-big-to-fail problem?," AEI Economics Working Papers 850026, American Enterprise Institute.
- Andrea Consiglio & Michele Tumminello & Stavros A. Zenios, 2018.
"Pricing Sovereign Contingent Convertible Debt,"
Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 21(08), pages 1-36, December.
- Andrea Consiglio & Michele Tumminello & Stavros A. Zenios, 2018. "Pricing Sovereign Contingent Convertible Debt," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 21(08), pages 1-36, December.
- Consiglio, Andrea & Tumminello, Michele & Zenios, Stavros A., 2016. "Pricing Sovereign Contingent Convertible Debt," Working Papers 16-05, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
- Andrea Consiglio & Michele Tumminello & Stavros A. Zenios, 2018. "Pricing sovereign contingent convertible debt," Papers 1804.01475, arXiv.org.
- Bleich, Dirk, 2014. "Contingent convertible bonds and the stability of bank funding: The case of partial writedown," Discussion Papers 28/2014, Deutsche Bundesbank.
- Chris Mitchell, 2018. "On the Cash-Flow and Control Rights of Contingent Capital," ISER Discussion Paper 1044, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University.
- Willem Spanjers & Elettra Agliardi, 2016. "Rethinking The Social Market Economy – A Basic Outline," Professional Reports 16-01, Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis.
- Díaz, Fernando & Ramírez, Gabriel G. & Liu, Liuling, 2018. "Corporate bond clawbacks as contingent capital for banks," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 11-24.
- Shekhar Aiyar & Charles W. Calomiris & Tomasz Wieladek, 2015. "How to Strengthen the Regulation of Bank Capital: Theory, Evidence, and A Proposal," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 27(1), pages 27-36, March.
- Hylton Hollander, 2014.
"The effectiveness of countercyclical capital requirements and contingent convertible capital: a dual approach to macroeconomic stability,"
Working Papers
19/2014, Stellenbosch University, Department of Economics.
- Hylton Hollander, 2015. "The effectiveness of countercyclical capital requirements and contingent convertible capital: a dual approach to macroeconomic stability," Working Papers 549, Economic Research Southern Africa.
- Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Kang, Woo-Young, 2021.
"On the preferences of CoCo bond buyers and sellers,"
Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
- Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Woo-Young Kang, 2019. "On the preferences of CoCo bond buyers and sellers," CESifo Working Paper Series 7551, CESifo.
- Kiewiet, Gera & van Lelyveld, Iman Paul Pieter & van Wijnbergen, Sweder, 2017.
"Contingent Convertibles: Can the Market handle them?,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
12359, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Gera Kiewiet & Iman van Lelyveld & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2017. "Contingent convertibles: Can the market handle them?," DNB Working Papers 572, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
- Gera Kiewiet & Iman van Lelyveld & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2017. "Contingent Convertibles: Can the Market Handle them?," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 17-095/VI, Tinbergen Institute.
- Davis, E. Philip & Karim, Dilruba & Noel, Dennison, 2020.
"The bank capital-competition-risk nexus – A global perspective,"
Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
- E Philip Davis & Dilruba Karim & Dennison Noel, 2019. "The Bank Capital-Competition-Risk Nexus - A Global Perspective," National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) Discussion Papers 500, National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
- Herring, Richard J., 2018. "The Evolving Complexity of Capital Regulation," Working Papers 18-01, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
- Michel Crouhy & Dan Galai, 2018. "Are Banks Special?," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 8(04), pages 1-19, December.
- Hollander, Hylton, 2017. "Macroprudential policy with convertible debt," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 54(PB), pages 285-305.
- Richard J. Herring, 2018. "The Evolving Complexity of Capital Regulation," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 53(2), pages 183-205, June.
- Roman Goncharenko, 2022. "Fighting Fire with Gasoline: CoCos in Lieu of Equity," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 54(2-3), pages 493-517, March.
- Berg, Tobias & Kaserer, Christoph, 2015.
"Does contingent capital induce excessive risk-taking?,"
Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 356-385.
- Berg, Tobias & Kaserer, Christoph, 2015. "Does contingent capital induce excessive risk-taking?," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 488, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
- Martijn A. Boermans & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2018.
"Contingent convertible bonds: Who invests in European CoCos?,"
Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(4), pages 234-238, February.
- Martijn Boermans & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2017. "Contingent convertible bonds: Who invests in European CoCos?," DNB Working Papers 543, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
- Giovanni Calice & Carlo Sala & Daniele Tantari, 2020. "Contingent Convertible Bonds in Financial Networks," Papers 2009.00062, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2023.
- Beaupain, Renaud & Braouezec, Yann, 2024.
"International banking regulation and Tier 1 capital ratios. On the robustness of the critical average risk weight framework,"
International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
- Renaud Beaupain & Yann Braouezec, 2024. "International banking regulation and Tier 1 capital ratios. On the robustness of the critical average risk weight framework," Post-Print hal-04536809, HAL.
- Fiordelisi, Franco & Pennacchi, George & Ricci, Ornella, 2020. "Are contingent convertibles going-concern capital?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
- Heller, Yuval & Peleg-Lazar, Sharon & Raviv, Alon, 2019.
"A closed-form solution to the risk-taking motivation of subordinated debtholders,"
Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 169-173.
- Heller, Yuval & Peleg Lazar, Sharon & Raviv, Alon, 2019. "A closed-form solution to the risk-taking motivation of subordinated debtholders," MPRA Paper 93698, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Yuval Heller & SharonPeleg-Lazar & Alon Raviv, 2020. "A closed-form solution to the risk-taking motivation of subordinated debtholders," Papers 2006.15309, arXiv.org.
- Jolanta Zombirt, 2015. "Contingent Convertible Bonds as an Alternative to Strengthen Banks' Ability in Financing a Real Economy," Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship at the Cracow University of Economics., vol. 3(1), pages 135-149.
- Joseph P. Hughes, 2018. "Comments on “The Evolving Complexity of Capital Regulation”," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 53(2), pages 207-210, June.
- Tyler Atkinson & John V. Duca, 2017. "Equity Regulation and U.S. Venture Capital Investment," Working Papers 1707, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
- Kenjiro Hori & Jorge Martin Cerón, 2017. "Contingent Convertible Bonds: Payoff Structures and Incentive Effects," Birkbeck Working Papers in Economics and Finance 1711, Birkbeck, Department of Economics, Mathematics & Statistics.
- George Pennacchi & Alexei Tchistyi, 2018. "Contingent Convertibles with Stock Price Triggers: The Case of Perpetuities," 2018 Meeting Papers 331, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo & Charles Mallans Rambo & Charles Misiko Wafula, 2021. "Financial risk management instruments and performance of hydro-power projects in Kenya," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 10(4), pages 438-445, June.
- Consiglio Andrea & Zenios Stavros A., 2018. "Contingent Convertible Bonds for Sovereign Debt Risk Management," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 9(1), pages 1-24, June.
- Renaud Beaupain & Yann Braouezec, 2022. "International banking regulation and Tier 1 capital ratios. On the robustness of the critical average risk weight framework," Working Papers 2022-ACF-06, IESEG School of Management.
- Stephanie Chan & Sweder van Wijnbergen, 2014.
"Cocos, Contagion and Systemic Risk,"
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers
14-110/VI/DSF79, Tinbergen Institute, revised 29 Oct 2014.
- van Wijnbergen, Sweder & Chan, Stephanie, 2015. "Cocos, Contagion and Systemic Risk," CEPR Discussion Papers 10960, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Chan, Stephanie & Wijnbergen, Sweder, 2017. "CoCo Design, Risk Shifting Incentives and Financial Fragility," ECMI Papers 12166, Centre for European Policy Studies.
- Bhanu Balasubramnian & Ajay A. Palvia & Dilip K. Patro, 2019. "Can the Book-to-Market Ratio Signal Banks’ Earnings and Default Risk? Evidence Around the Great Recession," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 56(2), pages 119-143, October.
- Hwang, Sunjoo, 2019. "Is Bail-in Debt Bail-inable?," KDI Journal of Economic Policy, Korea Development Institute (KDI), vol. 41(4), pages 1-44.
- Lorenzo Sasso, 2016.
"Bank Capital Structure and Financial Innovation: Antagonists or Two Sides of the Same Coin?,"
Journal of Financial Regulation, Oxford University Press, vol. 2(2), pages 225-263.
- Lorenzo Sasso, 2016. "Bank Capital Structure and Financial Innovation: Antagonists or Two Sides of the Same Coin?," HSE Working papers WP BRP 66/LAW/2016, National Research University Higher School of Economics.
- Martynova, Natalya & Perotti, Enrico, 2018.
"Convertible bonds and bank risk-taking,"
Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 35(PB), pages 61-80.
- Natalya Martynova & Enrico Perotti, 2012. "Convertible Bonds and Bank Risk-Taking," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 12-106/IV/DSF41, Tinbergen Institute, revised 10 Oct 2016.
- Martynova, Natalya & Perotti, Enrico C., 2018. "Convertible bonds and bank risk-taking," Discussion Papers 24/2018, Deutsche Bundesbank.
- Natalya Martynova & Enrico Perotti, 2015. "Convertible bonds and bank risk-taking," DNB Working Papers 480, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
- repec:ies:wpaper:f202211 is not listed on IDEAS
- van Wijnbergen, Sweder & Chan, Stephanie, 2016. "CoCo Design, Risk Shifting and Financial Fragility," CEPR Discussion Papers 11099, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Alanis, Emmanuel & Beladi, Hamid & Quijano, Margot, 2015. "Uninsured deposits as a monitoring device: Their impact on bond yields of banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 77-88.
- McWalter, Thomas A. & Ritchken, Peter H., 2022. "Black economic empowerment regulation and risk incentives," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
- Ma, Chang & Nguyen, Xuan-Hai, 2021. "Too big to fail and optimal regulation," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 747-758.
- Charles W. Calomiris, 2024. "Two heads are better than one: The case for incorporating market‐based information into bank supervision and regulation," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 36(1), pages 36-39, January.
- Allen, Linda & Golfari, Andrea, 2023. "Do CoCos serve the goals of macroprudential supervisors or bank managers?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
- Yann Braouezec & Lakshithe Wagalath, 2016. "Risk-based capital requirements and optimal liquidation in a stress scenario," Working Papers 2016-ACF-01, IESEG School of Management.
- Petras, Matthias, 2022. "Increasing profitability through contingent convertible capital: Empirical evidence from European banks," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
- George Pennacchi, 2019. "Banks, Taxes, and Nonbank Competition," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 55(1), pages 1-30, February.
- Giuseppe Mastromatteo & Giuseppe Mastromatteo, 2016. "Minsky at Basel: A Global Cap to Build an Effective Postcrisis Banking Supervision Framework," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_875, Levy Economics Institute.
- Amolo Elvis Juma Amolo, PhD & Charles Mallans Rambo, PhD & Charles Misiko Wafula, PhD, 2021. "Moderating Effect of Communication Strategy on Financial Risk Management Instruments and Performance of Hydroelectric Energy Projects in Kenya," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 8(6), pages 24-31, June.
- Kupiec, Paul & Wallison, Peter, 2015. "Can the “Single Point of Entry” strategy be used to recapitalize a systemically important failing bank?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 184-197.
- Hesse, Henning, 2018. "Incentive effects from write-down CoCo bonds: An empirical analysis," SAFE Working Paper Series 212, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
- Joseph P. Hughes, 2017. "Capital Regulation: Less Really Can Be More When Incentives Are Socially Aligned," Departmental Working Papers 201704, Rutgers University, Department of Economics.
- Fatouh, Mahmoud & McMunn, Ayowande, 2019. "Shareholder risk-taking incentives in the presence of contingent capital," Bank of England working papers 775, Bank of England.
- Philippe Oster, 2020. "Contingent Convertible bond literature review: making everything and nothing possible?," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(4), pages 343-381, December.